• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.4 s.139
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• pp.368-374
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• 2004

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female death. Viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 are selectively retained and expressed in carcinoma cells infected with HPV (Human papillomavirus) type 16. The HPV is cooperated in immotalization and transformation of primary keratinocyte. E6 and E7 oncoproteins interfere the functions of tumor suppressor proteins p53 and retinoblasoma protein (pRb), respectively. Among a lots of natural products, Artemisia scoparia Waldstein et Kitamura has inhibitory effects on the binding between E6 oncoprotein and tumor suppressor p53, or the binding between E6 and E6 associated protein (E6AP), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. HPV oncoprotein inhibitors from Artemisia scoparia W. were isolated by solvent partition and column chromatography (Silica gel, RP-18) and the inhibitory compounds were finally purified by HPLC using an ELISA screening system based on the binding between E6 and E6AP. The aim of this study is to identify the structure of inhibitory compounds and to investigate whether these compounds have inhibitory effects on the functions of E6 oncoprotein. We investigated whether 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (DCQA) extracted from Artemisia scoparia W. Could inhibit the function of E6 oncoprutein. DCQA inhibited the in vitro binding of E6 and E6AP which are essential for the binding and degradation of the tumor suppressor p53 and also inhibited the proliferation of human cervical cancer cell lines (SiHa and CaSKi) in a dose response manner. These results suggest that DCQA inhibited the function of E6 oncoprotein, suggesting that it can be used as a potential drug for the treatment of cervical cancers infected with HPV.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.1 s.56
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• pp.77-101
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• 1997

In September 1994, residents of Gozan-dong, Incheon City, made a petition to the government about their health problems which might be caused by previous glass fibre landfill nearby 'H' company. In february 1995, at regular academic meeting of occupational and environmental medicine, a research team of 'D' University presented that they had found glass fibres in groundwater of the area through their survey. They were suspicious of probable association between ingestion of groundwater contaminated with glass fibres and skin tumors among residents. A joint research team was formed and carried out the survey of environment concerning groundwater and its glass fibre existence, and health assessment of residents in the area and industrial workers of 'H' company during May to November, 1995. Analysis of groundwater flow system indicates that the flow lines from the glass fibre landfill pass through or terminate at the 6 houses around the landfill. This means that the groundwater of the 6 houses around the glass fibre landfill could be affected by some possible contaminants from the landfill, but the groundwater quality of the other houses was irrelevant to the landfill. The qualitative and qualitative analyses for glass fibres in 54 groundwater samples including those from the nearby 6 houses, were carried out using SEM equipped with EDS, resulting in no evidence for the presence of glass fibres in the waters. Major precipitates, formed in waters while boiling, were identified as calcium carbonates, in particulary, aragonites in needle form. The results of health assessments of 889 residents in Gozan-dong, participated in this study, showed statistically significant differences in past medical histories of skin tumor and respiratory disease between the exposed group (31 persons who inhabited in 6 houses around the landfill) and the control group, but no significant differences in past medical histories of other diseases, such as cancer mortality, current gastroscopic findings, current skin diseases and respiratory diseases, etc. Also, we could not prove any glass fibres in excised specimens of 9 skin tumors in both groups and there were no health problems possibly associated with glass fibres in employees of the 'H' company. After all, we could not authenticate the association, raised by prior investigators, between groundwater streams, assumedly contaminated with glass fibres or not, and specific disease morbidities or common disease/symptom prevalences. That is, we could not find any glass fibres in groundwater as the only exposure factor of this study hypothesis, and there were not enough certain evidences such as increasing disease prevalences, for examples, skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases etc, possibly related to glass fibre exposure, in exposed group. As a matter of course, the conditions for confirming causal association, for example, strength of the association, consistency of the association, specificity of the association, temporality of the association and dose-response relationship etc, have not been satisfied. In conclusion, we were not able to certify the hypothesis that contamination of groundwater with glass fibres might cause any hazardous health effects in residents who used it for drinking.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_4
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• pp.1267-1276
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• 2020

To quantitatively predict the impacts of large-scale volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu on air quality and damage around the Korean Peninsula, a three-dimensional chemistry-transport modeling system (Weather Research & Forecasting - Sparse Matrix Operation Kernel Emission - Comunity Multi-scale Air Quality) was adopted. A worst-case meteorology scenario was selected to estimate the direct impact on Korea. This study applied the typical worst-case scenarios that are likely to cause significant damage to Korea among worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu in the past decade (2005~2014) and assumed a massive VEI 4 volcanic eruption on May 16, 2012, to analyze the concentration of PM_2.5 caused by the volcanic eruption. The effects of air quality in each region-cities, counties, boroughs-were estimated, and vulnerable areas were derived by conducting an exposure assessment reflecting vulnerable groups. Moreover, the effects of cities, counties, and boroughs were analyzed with a high-resolution scale (9 km × 9 km) to derive vulnerable areas within the regions. As a result of analyzing the typical worst-case volcanic eruptions of Mt. Baekdu, a discrepancy was shown in areas between high PM_2.5 concentration, high population density, and where vulnerable groups are concentrated. From the result, PM_2.5 peak concentration was about 24,547 ㎍/㎥, which is estimated to be a more serious situation than the eruption of Mt. St. Helensin 1980, which is known for 540 million tons of volcanic ash. Paju, Gimpo, Goyang, Ganghwa, Sancheong, Hadong showed to have a high PM_2.5 concentration. Paju appeared to be the most vulnerable area from the exposure assessment. While areas estimated with a high concentration of air pollutants are important, it is also necessary to develop plans and measures considering densely populated areas or areas with high concentrations of susceptible population or vulnerable groups. Also, establishing measures for each vulnerable area by selecting high concentration areas within cities, counties, and boroughs rather than establishing uniform measures for all regions is needed. This study will provide the foundation for developing the standards for disaster declaration and preemptive response systems for volcanic eruptions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.587-595
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• 1998

Background: Recombinant adenovirus hold promise as vectors to carry therapeutic genes for several reasons: 1) they can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells; 2) they have the ability to directly transduce tissues in vivo; 3) they can easily be produced in high titer; and 4) they have an established record of safety as vaccination material. However, one of the major limitation in the use of adenoviruses is that transgene expression is quite short because adenovirusees insert their DNA genome episomally rather than by chromosomal integration, and an immune response against the virus destroys cells expressing the therapeutic gene. Since sodium butyrate has been reported to induce adenovirus-mediated gene expression, we hypothesized that treatment of tumor cells, transduced with herpes simples virus thymidine kinase(HSVtk) gene using adenoviral vector, with butyrate could augment the effect of gene therapy. Methods: We transduced HSVtk gene, driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, into REN cell line(human mesothelioma cell line). Before proceeding with the comparison of HSVtk/ganciclovir mediated bystander killing, we evaluated the effect of butyrate on the growth of tumor cells in order to rule out a potential antitumor effect of butyrate alone, and also on expression of HSVtk gene by Western blot analysis. Then we determined the effects of butyrate on bystander-mediated cell killing in vitro. Results: There was no inhibition of growth of cells exposed to butyrate for 24 hours at a concentration of 1.5mM/L. Toxic effects were seen when the concentration of butyrate was greater than 2.0mM/L. Gene expression was more stable and bystander effect was augmented by butyrate treatment of a concentration of 1.5mM/L. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that butyrate can augment the efficiency of cell killing with HSVtk/GCV system by inducing transgene expression and may thus by a promising new approach to improve responses in gene therapy using adenoviral vectors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.300-307
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• 1997

The effects of Aster scaber and Ixeris dentata on cadiovascular system in hyperlipidemic rats were examined. Five groups of thirty Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the diet contained 1% cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group) for 4 weeks. Each experimental diet group was added with 5% plant powder or extract of the 5% plant powder by dry weight. Contractile or relaxation responses in the isolated artria and thoracic aortae were measured and the morphological changes of the aortic endotherium from the rats fed the experimental diet were inspected. In response to isoproterenol, the number of right atrial spontaneous beat was significantly lower in Cham chyi powder group$(PP_{1})$ and Sumbagui powder group$(PP_{2})$ than control at $10^(-8)M$ concentration. The contraction forces by injection of phenylephrine and calcium in isolated thoracic aorta were significantly low in each experimental groups compared with the control. The relaxation rates by acetylcholine represented comparatively higher value in $PP_{1}$ than control. The morphological changes of endothelial cell surface was a little in $PP_{1}$ and $PP_{2}$ compared with control, while the damages were considerably advanced in Cham chyi and Sumgbagui extract diet group$(PE_{1},\;PE_{2})$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2001

The effects of sudden changes of water temperature (WT) on the stress response and physiological change of the cultured olive flounder in large (FL) and small (FS) size, and fat cod (FC) were examined by manipulating WT (2 types) in a flow through seawater culture system with 6 tanks (water vol. 270 L/tank). The WT was decreased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $10^{\circ}C$ within 5 hours ($2^{\circ}C/hour$) and maintained at $10^{\circ}C$ for 21 hours (Exp. I), and it was raised from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$ within 5 hours and maintained at $30^{\circ}C$ for 21 hours (Exp.II). In Exp. I, the levels of blood hematocrit at 5 hours ($10^{\circ}C$) in FS was significantly decreased from $13.5\pm2.0\%\;to\;11.3\pm2.3\%$, but FC at 2.5 hours ($15^{\circ}C$) ($19.0\pm0.3\%\;to\;23.2\pm3.8\%$) was increased, The blood hemoglobin concentration of all fish in Exp, II was significantly increased until 8 hours after raising WT from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. In Exp. I and II , the levels of plasma cortisol in FL, FS and FC was changed from $5.2\pm8.5ng/mL,\;4.4\pm4.5ng/mL\;and\;2.7\pm0.4ng/mL$, respectively, before sudden drop and rise of WT. The levels of plasma cortisol of in FL ($164.0\pm53.1ng/mL$) and FC ($207.9\pm25.4ng/mL$) were significantly increased by the lowering WT sharply during whole experiment. The FL ($12.6\pm2.0ng/mL$) and FS ($4.0\pm3.9ng/mL$) showed no significant differences in cortisol level according to sudden rise of WT (5 hours). But it in FC ($44.7\pm18.2ng/mL$) was increased. In Exp. I, the plasma glucose levels of all fish groups were decreased after 5 hours ($10^{\circ}C$), The plasma lactic acid concentration of FL and FS showed no significant differences until 5 hours after raising WT from $20^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$, But it in FC was significantly increased with WT raise.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.465-472
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• 2001

The effects of water level reduction in rearing tank and fish transference during fish selection process on the stress response (hematological factors, cortisol, glucose, lactic acid and osmolality) of tank-reared olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus of large (FL), small (FS) and Japanese croaker, Nibea japonica (JC) were examined in running seawater culture system. The water level of rearing unit was lowered from 33 cm to 8 cm in the course of 2 minutes in the water level reduction experiment. The fish were removed from rearing tank (12 ton) to 450 L tank in 30 seconds after capture in the fish transference experiment, In water level reduction, the hematocrit of FL was significantly increased from $14.6\%$ at beginning to $23.5\%$ after 10 hours, However, it decreased to the value of beginning after 46 hours. Plasma cortisol concentration of FL was the highest concentration (13.7 ng/mL) after 22 hours, but it decreased to 4.0 ng/mL at the end of experiment. Cortisol concentration of FS did not show any significant difference during the experiment. The cortisol concentration of JC were significantly higher at 4 hours (282.3 ng/mL) and 22 hours (350.5 ng/mL), Glucose concentration of JC was the highest (138.0 mg/dL) at 22 hours. Lactic acid concentration was not different between experimental groups. In the fish transference experiment, red blood cell of FL was increased from $1.9\times10^6\;cell/{\mu}\;L\;to\;4.2\times10^6\;cell/{\mu}L$ in 24 hours. Blood hemoglobin of JC were significantly elevated in 24 hours. At 1 hour after transference, plasma cortisol concentrations in both fish species were increased to 95.3 ng/mL in FL and 175.5 ng/mL in JC. Glucose concentration of JC was increased to 132.5 mg/dL at 1 hour, 129.5 mg/dL at 3 hours after transference.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.44-58
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• 2018

Cities face new challenges not only in natural disasters by climate change but also in social and economic fluctuations. With the existing simple reconstruction method, it is difficult to solve the overall problems that a city or region may face. As a new approach to cope with various changes, the concept of resilience is emerging. Resilience is also one of the themes of recent major urban design projects. Design with the concept of resilience is a new strategy that can deal with various changes of urban space, rather than a temporary trend. The purpose of this paper is to explore the design method by analyzing cases where the concept of resilience is employed. We aim to examine what kind of design strategies are needed for the resilience design and how this design process differ in character, as compared to general design projects. Cases for this study include the "Rebuild by Design" competition held in 2013 and the "Resilient by Design/Bay Area Challenge" competition held in 2017. This paper consists of literature reviews and case studies. The latter is divided into two aspects: content analysis based on the theory of resilience and characteristics of the design process. Cases are analyzed through literature reviews and process characteristics of resilience design in response to the general design process. The main categories for urban resilience used as the framework for analysis include: Urban Infrastructure, Social Dynamics, Economic Dynamics, Health and Wellbeing, Governance Networks, and Planning and Institutions. As a result, the aspects of resilience concepts considered and design strategies undertaken by each team were identified. Each team tried to connect all 6 categories to their design strategies, placing special value on the role of governance, a system that enables collaborative design and project persistency. In terms of the design process, the following characteristics were found: planning the whole project process in the pre-project phase, analyzing predictable socioeconomic risk factors in addition to physical vulnerabilities, aiming for landscape-oriented integrated design, and sustainable implementation strategies with specific operations and budget plans. This paper is meaningful to connect the concept of resilience, which has been discussed in various articles, to design strategy, and to explore the possibility of constructing a practical methodology by deriving the characteristics of the resilience design process. It remains a future task to research design strategies that apply the concept of resilience to various types of urban spaces, in addition to areas that are vulnerable to disasters.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2008

This experiment were conducted to investigate the response of growth and yield of potato after transplanting of plug seedlings 'Superior' and 'Dejima' produced at different plug cell size (105, 162, and 288) and photoperiod (8/16, 12/12, and 16/8, day/night) for 20 days in controlled plant growth system. Growth and relative growth rate of plug seedling 'Superior' was affected by plug cell size and photoperiod at 7weeks after transplanting. Tuber weight of 'Superior' was increased as cell size and photoperiod increased. That of 'Dejima' was highest in 105 cell and different with photoperiod. At 90 days after transplanting, tuber weight ($258.9{\sim}471.9\;g/plant) of 'Superior' was high in 105 and 162 cell size and 16/8 hr photoperiod. That ($278.2{\sim}428.0\;g/plant$) of 'Dejima' was high in 105 cell size, but was not different with photoperiod. The number of tuber per plant was $2.6{\sim}6.9$ of 'Superior' and $2.2{\sim}3.6$ 'Dejima'. Tuber number per plant was not significantly different with cell size and photoperiod. The large tuber over 80 g was $32.0{\sim}50.9%$ of 'Superior' and $41.0{\sim}56.7%$ of 'Dejima'. The large tuber in 'Superior' and 'Dejima' lowered as the cell size decreased. The large tuber of 'Superior' increased as photoperiod increased, but that of 'Dejima' was not differed. As the results, the optimal plug cell size and photoperiod of potato seedling is considered to be below 162 cell and over 12 hr of photoperiod.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.245-261
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the support activities provided by the franchiser and how they affect the intention of the contract renewal and business performances made by franchisees, developing dynamic trust between these transactional partners. Various supportive activities between franchiser and franchisees were divided into financial and non-financial activities and dynamic trust into Transitional-based trust, Calculative-based trust, Relational-based trust, and Balanced-based trust. These trust types, which are variable and adjustable based on the opportunistic behaviors of business parties, were applied to define the impact of the support activities on the contract renewal intention and the performances. This study was developed around domestic franchisees. An investigator visited business owners and manager level-employees, explained the purpose of the survey prior to the response, and the answers were directly written by hands. A total of 348 copies were used for the analysis. As the results of the analysis, first, financial support activities were found to have a positive(+) effect on transitional-based trust, calculative-based trust, and balanced-based trust. On the other hand, non-financial support activities were found to have a positive(+) effect on calculative-based trust, relational-based trust, and balanced-based trust, and there was no significant relationship on transitional-based trust. Second, the dynamic trust had a statistically significant positive(+) effect on inducing the contract renewal. Lastly, in the relationship between the dynamic trust and its impact on business performances, only transitional-based trust, and relational-based trust were found to have a positive(+) effect on the financial performances. In addition, relational-based trust showed a meaningful positive(+) relationship on the non-financial performances, and non-financial performace showed a meaningful positive(+) relationship on the re-contract intention. From the results, it can be concluded that the financial and non-financial activities for a win-win partnership between franchiser and franchisees are essential in not only forming dynamic trust but also boosting business performances as well as maintaining the business relationship. Thus, it suggests that building a win-win partnership can be promoted more efficiently by specifying activities best suitable for a particular relationship. In addition, a specific set of activities could be presented for establishing the level of trust that is formed in situations that vary depending on transaction risks and interdependency arising from having the transactional relationship based on the contract as the franchise industry features. Eventually, it is expected that this study can provide a way to promote the qualitative improvement of the franchise industry by identifying factors essential to establishing a sustainable win-win system and relationships that can improve the business performance of franchisees.