• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Metformin and Lonicerae Flos, Agrobacterium Rhizogenes, Coptidis Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Houttuyniae Herba extracs combinations on hypoglycemia in RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: Expressions of Sirt1, p-adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (p-AMPK), AMPK-alpha, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, PPAR-gamma, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Results: The level of gene expression of Sirt1, p-AMPK, AMPK-alpha, PPAR-alpha and XBP-1 in relation to that of beta-actin were increased or decreased significantly with the Metformin and Lonicerae Flos, Agrobacterium Rhizogenes extracts combination groups. The level of gene expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were increased significantly with the Metformin and Houttuyniae Herba, Coptidis Rhizoma extracts combination groups. Conclusions: Metformin and Lonicerae Flos, Agrobacterium Rhizogenes extracts combination groups showed synergistic hypoglycemic effects by increasing AMPK and PPAR gene expression in RAW 264.7 cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.759-763
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• 1993

The antioxidant effects of aqueous green tea extract(AGTE) obtained from green tea and its combinations with several synergists on lard were investigated to equalize with that of crude catechin in green tea. The antioxidant effect of crude catechin was about 3-fold higher than that of AGTE. The suitable synergists for AGTE were ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and lecithin, while the tendency of their synergistic effects was different from each other. Addition of ${\delta}-tocopherol$ within 0.05% dosage to lard showed significant synergistic effect, and its synergistic effect decreased with the concentration of AGTE over 0.1% dosage. In combination of AGTE and lecithin, they gradually enhanced synergistic effect on lard with increasing the concentration. The combinations of AGTE, ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and lecithin showed intense synergistic effects and the optimum level of the each component was 0.1% AGTE, 0.05% ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and 1% lecithin. By adding the optimum level of three components to lard, the induction period was lenghtened approximately 8-fold than that of the control owing to their synergism. Comparing the antioxidant effect between the AGTE with synergists and crude catechin, the former was 60% and 20% higher than the latter at 0.1% and 1% dosage respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.742-748
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• 1998

Experiments have been conducted to investigate synergistic effects and mechanisms of the Alaskan subbituminous coal/polypropylene (PP). Coliquefaction of coal/PP gave the synergistic effect in yields by 17% compared to independent liquefactions of coal or PP at $430^{\circ}C$. To analyse coliquefaction mechanisms, the second and zeroth order kinetic models were developed for coal and PP conversions respectively. When the models were simulated to fit coliquefaction results, those represented results successfully with the correlation coefficient of 0.99. The amount of tetralin needed to liquefy unit mass of coa 1(${\beta}$) was also calculated using the developed model. According to the calculated results, $\beta$ increased from 0.4 to 1.0 as the coliquefaction temperature increased from $410^{\circ}C$ to $470^{\circ}C$. This indicated that tetralin lowered the molecular weight of oil produced, and this phenomenon was recognized by the GPC analyses. Furthermore, it was found that tetralin prohibited the liquefaction of PP when coal was not added. On the other hand, tetralin was believed to act as a hydrogen-donor solvent to coal rather than prohibit PP liquefaction during coliquefaction. Therefore, the liquefaction rate of PP increases and synergistic effects in oil yields are mainly due to the increase in PP liquefaction during coal/PP coliquefaction.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.111-115
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• 2002

The scuticocilliate, Uronema marinum is a histophagous ciliate and the causative agent of 'scuticociliatosis'in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In the present study, in vitro efficacy of hydrogen peroxide, formalin and copper sulfate on the scuticocilliate at low salinity was investigated. Each chemical showed synergistic parasiticidal effects with low salinity (salinity in 5 ppt) compared to each chemical alone (salinity in 33 ppt). At low salinity (5‰), ciliates were killed completely within 1.5h by exposure to 50ppm formalin (37% formaldehyde), at 100ppm hydrogen peroxide (30% solution) and at 100ppm copper sulfate (20% solution). The formalin was the most effective chemical against the parasites at low salinity.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1988

Combinations of EDTA-Tris and gentamicin, oxytetracycline in normal bovine milk were examined for synergistic activities aganist Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium Pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella dublin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and proteus spp. isolated from the milk of acute clinical bovine mastitis. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of EDTA-Tris and gentamicin, oxytetracycline on Escherichia coli, Salmonella dublin, proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae were markedly reduced. 2. The significant synergistic effects observed when the microorganisms were reacted with EDTA-Tris and gentamicin, oxytetracycline. These findings were respectively verified by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of EDTA-Tris, gentamicin, and oxytetracycline.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 1994

The eight combined products composed of ranitidine.HCI, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate and sucralfate were prepared with various ratios and studied in therapeutic effects of them on various gastrointestinal diseases. These were induced in rats with the porous ligation, ethanol-HCI, acetic acid and cysteamine method, etc. In all experimental setting, the effect of the combined treating was more pronounced than the effect of each drug alone. Specially, the combined treatment consisted of ranitidine : tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate sucralfate ratio of 1.5 : 2 : 6 showed the most powerful therapeutic effect on acute gastric ulcer model and revealed a significant acceleration of the healing on chronic gastroduodenal ulcer model. And that, therapeutic doses of ranitidine, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate arid sucralfate given in combination had an additive or, in some case, synergistic effect. From the above results, this combined treatment may useful to heal the gastrointestinal diseases that aren't cured well by treatment of each them alone.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.520-523
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• 2024

In this study, we compared antithrombotic activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and Cervi Parvum Cornu (CPC) on rats with induced thrombosis. Results indicate that KRG and CPC suppressed the arterial occlusion and the combination of KRG and CPC (KRG + CPC) treatment exhibited a synergistic effect with maximum reduction in thrombosis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.336-343
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• 2021

Fumigation of fruits and vegetables during quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) treatment should be effective with a shorter fumigation time to minimize phytotoxicity. In this research study, a shorter fumigation time, 2 hours exposure which is shorter than that of the current commercial fumigation procedures using a lower dose of ethyl formate (EF) mixed with phosphine (PH₃) on strawberry was investigated. The reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ against nymphs and adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) was evaluated. In addition, L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of EF only and EF mixed with PH₃ were analyzed at 5℃ and 20℃. The synergistic ratio (SR) of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ for the nymph and adult stages of M. persicae were >1.0, which indicated a synergistic effect between EF and PH₃. However, the SR values of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of the nymph and adult stages of T. urticae were ≤1.0 indicating that there was no synergistic effect between the two fumigants against T. urticae. Our results showed that the reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ has different effects on M. persicae and T. urticae. This could be attributed to the biological and physical differences between the class Arachnida and Insecta. The synergistic effect between EF and PH₃ against M. persicae within a shorter exposure period and without phytotoxicity on fruits and vegetables will significantly benefit the horticultural industry.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.93-98
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• 2016

Objectives : Hwangheuk-san is a complex prescription composed of oriental traditional medicine and has been reported for antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects in the recent study. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of important causes of fatal infectious diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). S. aureus is reported as being for a variety of human diseases and its epidemiological relevance is mainly due to their ability of becoming highly resistant to common antimicrobials such as tetracycline, penicillin, cphalosporin and aminoglycoside. The objective of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effect of Hwangheuk-san ethanol extracts (HHS) and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Methods : The antimicrobial activity of HHS was measured by the disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method and the checkerboard dilution test, time-kill curve assay was performed to investigate synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Results : HHS showed antimicrobial activity against MRSA with a MIC value of 125 ㎍/㎖. In the checkerboard test, the interaction of HHS with antibiotics oxacillin produced almost synergy or partial synergy against MRSA. This study showed that HHS reduced the MICs of oxacillin tested, and a remarkable antibacterial effect of HHS, with membrane permeability enhancers.Conclusions : These results suggest that HHS has the antimicrobial effect and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA. This study thus can be a valuable source for the development of a new drug with low MRSA resistance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.340-340
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• 2005