• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.404-411
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• 1989

In this study, we attempted to determine the precise patterns of protein synthesis during the second cleavage in mouse. F1 hybrid 2-cell embryos showing a highly synchronized cell cycle and outbreed ICR strain 2-cell embryos were used. The patterns of protein synthesis during the second cleavage showed the sequential changes in the F1 hybrid and ICR strain 2-cell embryos. Moreover, we examined the effects of mitotic and transcriptional inhibitors such as colcemid and a-amanitin on the protein synthesis in the late 2-cell embryos of ICR strain. Treatment of colcemid (0.1mg/ml) blocked the second cleavage, but did not affect on the change of protein synthesis. However, treatment of a-amanitin induced the synthesis of two set of polypeptides without affecting on synthesis of other proteins and cleavage. It thus seems that the appearance of a-amanitin-sensitive proteins may be not involved in the second cleavage. Therefore, these results indicate that the second cell cycle in mouse embryos appears to be regulated at post transcriptional level, presumably independent on the expression of embryonic genome. 본 연구는 생쥐 배아의 2세포기 분열과정중 단백질 합성양상과 단백질합성에 미치는 colcemid와 $\alpha$-amanitin의 영향을 조사하였다 이를 위하여 체내 수정된 ICR strain의 2세포기 배아와 매우 일치된 초기배아 분열양상을 보여주는 체외 수정된 F1 (C57BL x CBA) hybrid 2세포기 배아를 사용하였다. 두 종류의 2세포기 배아에서 단백질 합성은 분열단계에 따라서 매우 일치된 변화를 보여 주었다. 또한 유사분열 억제제인 colcemid (0.1mg/ml)의 처리는 2세포기 배아분열을 억제하였으나, 단백질 합성에는 아무런 변화를 주지 못하였다. 그리고 후기 2세포기 배아에 전사 억제제인 a-amanitin (100mg/ml)을 처리하였을 때 세포분열이나 다른 단백질의 합성에는 아무런 영향이 없이 단지 두개의 단백질의 합성만을 유도하였다. 이는 아마도 a-amanitin의 stress효과에 기인하는 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 생쥐 2세포기 배아의 분열과정은 배아게놈의 유전자 발현과는 무관하게 이미 합성되어 존재하는 mRNA에 의하여 조절되는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.143-151
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• 1992

Sixty Four fresh and 142 frozen embryos of dairy cattle were transferred to synchronized dairy, beef or Korean Native Cattle nonsurgically at National Animal Breeding Institute from 1985 to 1990. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The pregnancy rate of fresh embryos(39.1%) was higher than that of frozen embryos(32.4%) and average pregnancy rate was 34.5%. 2. The pregnancy rate of grade 1 embryos was higher than that of grade 2 embryos for both fresh(41.3% vs 33.3%) and frozen embryos(35.4% vs 25.6%). 3. The pregnancy rate according to development stage of fresh embryos was increased with maturity as 29.2%, 33.3%, 50.0% and 54.5% for morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst and expanded blastocyst, respectively. For frozen embryos, the pregnancy rate of blastocyst(44.4%) was higher than those of morula(31.3%) and early blastocyst(28.0%). 4. The pregnancy rate according go recipient-donor synchrony for fresh embryos was higher when the recipients exhibited estrus 1 day earlier than the donors(43.8%) than when the recipients exhibited estrus 1 day later than the donors(38.1%) or when the recipients and donors exhibited estrus at the same time(37.0%). For forzen embryos, the pregnancy rate was decreased when the recipients and donors exhibited estrus at the same time(37.9%), when the recipients exhibited estrus 1 day later than the donors(32.0%) and when the recipients exhibited estrus 1 day earlier than the donors(23.5%), in sequence. 5. The pregnancy rate of heifers was higher than that of cows for both fresh(50.5% vs 37.9%) and frozen embryos(39.7% vs 25.7%). 6. The pregnancy rate according to recipient breed for fresh embryos was higher in dairy cattle(42.1%) and beef cattle(40.%) than in Korean Native Cattle(33.3%). For frozen embryos, the pregnancy rate was decreased beef cattle(39.1%), dairy cattle(30.3%) and Korean Native Cattle(14.3%), in sequence. 7. The pregnancy rate according to equilibrium steps of glycerol and freezing rate was higher when transferred after 3-steps equilibrium and freezing by the rate of $0.3^{\circ}C$/min from $-6^{\circ}C$ to $-35^{\circ}C$ and $0.1^{\circ}C$/min to $-38^{\circ}C$(39.4%) than when transferred after 6-steps equilibrium and freezing by the rate of $0.5^{\circ}C/min$ from $-6^{\circ}C$ to $-30^{\circ}C$(30.3%).

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.337-345
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• 2009

The purpose of this study were to find out the differences in kinematic variables of racket movement by performing the tennis serve. Three top male tennis players participated in this study. Three synchronized high-speed cameras were used to record the service action of top players for Three dimensional video analysis. The results of this study showed that (1) the velocity of the tennis racket at impact is important to the generation of racket velocity to Y-axis. This result indicates that forward motion and upward movement of the racket; (2) with respect to racket angular velocity at impact, the fast angular momentum of X-axis is important to generate the velocity of the tennis ball. This result indicate upward movement of the racket with a strong flexor of wrist joint; (3) the velocity of the tennis ball was influenced by the change of angular linking the Z-axis to -X-axis. This result indicates that the high velocity of the tennis ball is obtained from having the racket unitedly moving to the direction of the bill's flight at the acceleration interval and acquiring the distance of acceleration with the racket head vertically to the ground at the back scratching.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2015

Wnk kinase maintains cell volume, regulating various transporters such as sodium-chloride cotransporter, potassium-chloride cotransporter, and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) through the phosphorylation of oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). However, the activating mechanism of Wnk kinase in specific tissues and specific conditions is broadly unclear. In the present study, we used a human salivary gland (HSG) cell line as a model and showed that $Ca^{2+}$ may have a role in regulating Wnk kinase in the HSG cell line. Through this study, we found that the HSG cell line expressed molecules participating in the WNK-OSR1-NKCC pathway, such as Wnk1, Wnk4, OSR1, SPAK, and NKCC1. The HSG cell line showed an intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) increase in response to hypotonic stimulation, and the response was synchronized with the phosphorylation of OSR1. Interestingly, when we inhibited the hypotonically induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase with nonspecific $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers such as 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, gadolinium, and lanthanum, the phosphorylated OSR1 level was also diminished. Moreover, a cyclopiazonic acid-induced passive $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ elevation was evoked by the phosphorylation of OSR1, and the amount of phosphorylated OSR1 decreased when the cells were treated with BAPTA, a $Ca^{2+}$ chelator. Finally, through that process, NKCC1 activity also decreased to maintain the cell volume in the HSG cell line. These results indicate that $Ca^{2+}$ may regulate the WNK-OSR1 pathway and NKCC1 activity in the HSG cell line. This is the first demonstration that indicates upstream $Ca^{2+}$ regulation of the WNK-OSR1 pathway in intact cells.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 2020

Analysis of combat effectiveness is required to consider the concept of tactical cooperative engagement between manned-unmanned weapon systems, in order to predict the required operational capabilities of future weapon systems that meets the concept of 'effect-based synchronized operations.' However, analytical methods such as mathematical and statistical models make it difficult to analyze the effects of complex systems under nonlinear warfare. In this paper, we propose a combat simulation model that can simulate the concept of cooperative engagement between manned-unmanned combat entities based on wireless communications. First, we model unmanned combat entities, e.g., unmanned ground vehicles and drones, and manned combat entities, e.g., combatants and artillery, considering the capabilities required by the future ground system. We also simulate tactical behavior in which all entities perform their mission while sharing battlefield situation information through wireless communications. Finally we explore the feasibility of the proposed model by analyzing combat effectiveness such as target acquisition rate, remote control success rate, reconnaissance lead time, survival rate, and enemy's loss rate under a small-unit armor reconnaissance scenario. The proposed model is expected to be used in war-game combat experiments as well as analysis of the effects of manned-unmanned ground weapons.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.17-26
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• 2013

ISO/IEC 29157 originally developed in the Republic of Korea and is based on commercially available PicoCast v1.0. ISO/IEC JTC1 SC6 was registered by the international standard on May 2010. A single platform for a variety of applications and media formats to support development objectives were. ISO/IEC 29157 based wireless networks, ie, Pico-net to master node periodically transmit sync signal is synchronized to the number of slave nodes have the communications structure. Pico-net also supports a variety of network topologies and direct communication between nodes(single-hop communication) and QoS is guaranteed. But Pico-net network structure has the following problems. Loss of communication problems due to mobile nodes, resulting in limitations of node mobility and wireless network operation range of conventional wireless networks operating range less than 1/4 was reduced to the problem. In this paper, a possible solution to the problems mentioned is proposed, using multi-hop communication technology and sync signal transmission technology between nodes.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.18-24
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• 2012

This paper reports the test results of a 50MHz/s 10 bits DAC developed with $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process for the wireless sensor network application. The 10bits DAC, not likely a typical segmented type, has been designed as a current driving type with double step thermometer decoding architecture in which 10bits are divided into 6bits of MSB and 4bits of LSB. MSB 6bits are converted into 3 bits row thermal codes and 3 bits column thermal codes to control high current cells, and LSB 4 bits are also converted into thermal codes to control the lower current cells. The high and the lower current cells use the same cell size while a bias circuit has been designed to make the amount of lower unit current become 1/16 of high unit current. All thermal codes are synchronized with output latches to prevent glitches on the output signals. The test results show that the DAC consumes 4.3mA DC current with 3.3V DC supply for 2.2Vpp output at 50MHz clock. The linearity characteristics of DAC are the maximum SFDR of 62.02dB, maximum DNL of 0.37 LSB, and maximum INL of 0.67 LSB.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1983

Flowering time of Pinus rigida Mill and Pinus taeda L, in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard was investigated for five years from 1971 through 1975. The two tree species flowered during late April to early May at the observation site, Flowering patterns of the two species of different sex of the same species changed yearly during the five observation years. Floral development of the two species appeared to depend largely on temperature factor during the period of the initiation of floral organs up to flowering provided that other environmental factors are normal. Six-days difference in flowing time between female inflorescence of pitch (flower later) and male inflorescence of loblolly (flower earlier) pines effectively isolated the two species reproductively on population levels. Not all of selected trees of the two species for their synchronized flowering appeared to be useful as parental trees for the establishment of $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards. With the result from this investigation the author suggested to use a modified simple recurrent selection method for pitch-loblolly hybrid pine breeding.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2000

Community analysis of oribatid mites was conducted in Namsan and Kwangreung coniferous forests which have been received by different degrees of environmental pressures through urbanization processes. Oribatid mites were sampled in the litter and soil layer of study sites from May 1993 to October 1994. Although two sites have been under similar weather condition, seasonal changes in oribatid mites density did not show a synchronized pattern. Density in spring and summer showed stable pattern with low fluctuations, but unstable pattern in autumn between 1993 and 1994. And these patterns were highly correlated with precipitation. The density and species number were higher in the litter layer than in the soil layer and showed no typical seasonal changes. The dominant species were Scheloribates latipes (1 l.78%), Pergalumna altera (8.92%), Eohypochthonius crassisetiger (7.58%), Scheloribates sp. (6.89%) and Suctobelbella yezoensis (5.04%) in Namsan, and Ceratozetes japonicus (25.72%), Punctoribates punctum (14.15%), Trichogalumna nipponica (10.96%) and Ramusella sengbuschi (5.08%) in Kwangreung. The number of species with high constany were 10 and 18 in Namsan and Kwangreung, respectively. Namsan showed the feature of urban forests. In analysis of species diversity, species richness was significantly higher in Kwangreung than in Namsan, while shannon (H') and evenness index (J') were higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung. The values of shannon index (H') in Namsan and Kwangreugn were 2.83 and 2.62, respectively and evenness index (J') were 0.78 and 0.67, respectively. The value of similarity index between two sites was 0.68.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.559-562
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• 2017

In city, tracing of power transmission lines is difficult due to compound installation of overhead and underground lines, transposition, bad view caused by trees or big buildings. It is hard problem for electrical technician on site to trace power transformers or power lines to serve customers in 3 phase -4 wires power distribution systems. It is necessary that the correct and fast tracing method is required for load balancing among distribution lines. Old technology use to trace off-lines with high power impulse injection. Our proposed method use to trace live lines with very small power high frequency signal injection. Typical power transformers in the distribution system prevent propagating the higher frequency carrier signal. The proposed method uses the limited propagation ability to identify the power transformer to serve customers. Two end communication terminals are required to be synchronized between them for determination on electrically same phases. Challenging issue is to achieve synchronization without GPS providing synchronizing time. A novel power transformer and wire identification system is designed and implemented. The system consists of a transmitter and a receiver with power-line communication module. Some experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical concepts in a big commercial building. Also some simulations are done to help and understand the concepts by using MATLAB Simulink simulator.