• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.149-151
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• 1999

It has been suggested that the bush warbler (Cettia diphone borealis) uses different song types in various situations. We analyzed song features and conducted playback experiments in order to reveal the function of songs of the bush warbler. Two song types were identified. The short song type has a shorter song duration than that of normal song types and consists of only one or two syllables. Due to its short syllable and low amplitude of the whistle portion, we were able to discriminate the short song type (S song type). from the normal song type (N song Type). In the playback experiments, bush warblers sang high rates of short song type for the first three minutes after playback. After 6 minutes of playback, males changed to singing normal songs. These results suggest that the short song of the bush warbler may function to threaten or drive off intruding males.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.79-94
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare phonological awareness ability of students with Down Syndrome(DS) and typically developing children(TD). TD and DS were equal the reading abilities(reading recognition). The subject were 10 DS and 10 TD, and were examined by test of phonological awareness. The test of phonological awareness was composed according to phonological units(word, syllable, phoneme) and task types(deletion, discrimination, blending). The results obtained in this study were as follows: The total score of phonological awareness ability of DS were significantly lower than TD. And the score of phonological awareness ability according to phonological units and task types were significantly lower than TD. But both DS and TD performed better on phonological deletion and blending task than discrimination. TD and DS represented different correlation between task types and phonological units. This means that TD performed better on all types of tasks and phonological units than DS.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

본 연구는 한국어 동형다의 종결어미 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미 변별에 작용하는 경계성조와 선행음절의 음높이와의 상관성을 지각실험을 통해 살펴보고 이를 바탕으로 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미변별에 관여하는 핵심 운율변수가 무엇인지 살펴보았다. '-(으)ㄹ걸'은 추측과 후회를 전달하는 대표적인 동음다의어인데 이 두 의미가 동일한 통사·형태구조를 지닌 서술문의 형태로 제시된다. 이러한 연유로 의미 변별을 위해 문장 경계 억양의 역할이 중요하게 여겨졌다. 전통적으로 추측은 오름의 경계성조로, 후회는 내림의 경계성조로 실현되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 선행연구에서는 경계성조의 유형과 더불어 선행음절과의 음높이 차이 또한 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미 변별에 핵심적 운율변수로 작용할 수 있음이 지적되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경계성조 형태가 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 의미를 변별하는 유일한 운율변수가 아닐 수 있다는 가정하에, '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 마지막 두 음절의 음높이차가 경계성조 형태와 어떤 양상으로 상호작용하는지 한국어원어민 화자를 대상으로 한 지각실험을 통해 조사하였다. 지각 실험에 사용된 문장은 추측문장의 경계성조의 음높이를 선행음절의 평균음높이와 -5 Qt-15 Qt 차이로 조절한 21문장에 원 자료를 포함한 22문장과 후회문장의 경계성조의 음높이를 선행음절의 평균 음높이와 -10 Qt-10 Qt 차이로 조절한 21문장에 원 자료를 포함한 22문장, 그리고 이들 문장을 혼합한 44문장을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 지각실험은 이들 각각의 실험자료를 별개로 하여 3단계로 이루어졌다. 지각실험 참여자들은 청취하는 문장이 얼마나 추측(1단계) 또는 후회(2단계)에 가깝게 들리는지와 추측 또는 후회(3단계) 중 어떤 문장으로 지각되는지를 5단계로 평가하였다. 지각실험에는 30명의 한국어원어민 화자가 참여하였다. 지각실험 결과 추측과 후회로 발화된 문장의 경계성조 H%와 L%의 형태와는 상관없이 그 평균 음높이가 선행음절보다 높으면 추측으로 낮으면 후회로 지각되는 경향이 뚜렷이 나타났다. 즉 경계성조의 평균 음높이가 양의 방향으로 커질수록 추측으로, 음의 방향으로 작아질수록 후회로 지각되었다. 추측과 후회로 발화된 모든 문장의 경계성조의 형태가 동일한 H% 또는 L%로 고정되었지만 선행음절과의 음높이 차이에 따라 청지각적 판별은 다른 결과로 나타났다. 따라서 경계성조의 형태만으로는 '-(으)ㄹ걸'의 두 의미를 충분히 변별할 수 없음이 관찰되었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

The focus of this study was to investigate whether there is a position effect on identification accuracy of L2 consonants by Korean listeners and to examine how Korean listeners perceive the phonetic properties of initial and final consonants produced by a Korean learner of English and an English native speaker. Most studies examining L2 learners' perception of L2 sounds have focused on the segmental level but very few studies have examined the role of prosodic position in L2 learners' perception. In the present study, an identification test was conducted for English consonants /p, t, k, f, ɵ, s, ʃ/ in CVC prosodic structures. The results revealed that Korean listeners identified syllable-initial consonants more accurately than syllable-final consonants. The perceptual accuracy in syllable initial consonants may be attributable to the enhanced phonetic properties in the initial consonants. A significant correlation was found between error rates and F2 onset/offset for stops and fricatives, and between perceptual accuracy and RMS burst energy for stops. However, the identification error patterns were found to be different across consonant types and between the different language speakers. In the final position, Korean listeners had difficulty in identifying /p/, /f/, /ɵ/, and /s/ when they were produced by a Korean speaker and showed more errors in /p/, /t/, /f/, /ɵ/, and /s/ when they were spoken by an English native speaker. Comparing to the perception of English consonants spoken by a Korean speaker, greater error rates and diverse error patterns were found in the perception of consonants produced by an English native speaker. The present study provides the evidence that prosodic position plays a crucial role in the perception of L2 segments.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1993년도 학술논문발표회 논문집 제12권 1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 1993

본 논문은 한국어 문어변환(TTS:Text-to-Speech) 시스템내에서의 음성합성시 음질 및 자연성 개선을 위한 연구 결과이다. 합성음 평가방법으로는 한국어 발음대사전에 수록된 빈도수 순위대로 추출한 음절(V형: 19개, CV형:80개, VC형:30개, CVC형: 100개, 총 229개)을 대상으로 규칙합성시킨 1음절어(합성음절수:229개)중 음절유형별로 15개씩 총 60개 음절을 20초간 3회 반복음의 녹음 테이프를 작성한 합성음에 대하여 사전지식이 없는 임의의 그룹을 선정하여 이해도, 명료도, 잡음감, 자연성 등 4 가지 항목에 대하여 오피니온 평가를 수행한 결과를 제시하였다.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.245-245
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• 1996

When language A borrows words, it borrows them according to its own phonetic rules. In other words, language B, where borrowed words coming from, has to comply with the phonetic requirements of language A. It may be added that language A only borrows the elements, the types of syllables and accentuation that already exist in its own phonetic struture and rejects all the rest that are not compatible. It operates exactly like a sieve. That is why borrowed words offer an excellent observation post to notice how react in phonetic contexts. The Japanese language has borrowed and is borrowing extensively from other languages and cultures, mainly from the English ones in the fields of sports, medicine, industry, commerce, and natural sciences. Relatively very few new words are created using the ancient Chinese or native backgrounds. This presentation will look for the rules of borrowing and try to show that this way of borrowing represents an organized system of its own. Three levels would be particularly studied : - the phonemic level - the syllable level and - the accentual level. This last point would be specially targeted with the question of syllable tension-relaxation. Such a study of languages in phonetics contacts could shed some new light on the phonetic charaCteristics of Japanese language and will confirm or weaken some conclusion already demonstated otherwise. We will be aming specially at the endings of the borrowed words where, it seems, Japanese language manifests itself very strongly.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1997년도 7월 학술대회지
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• pp.142-143
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• 1997

The purpose of this paper is to assess the psychological status of the phoneme, syllable, and various postulated subsyllabic units in Korean by applying the Sound Similarity Judgment (SSJ) task, to compare the results with those in English, and to discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the SSJ task as a tool for linguistic research. In Experiment 1, 30 subjects listened to pairs of 56 eve words which were systematically varied from 'totally different' (e.g., pan-met) to 'identical' (e.g., pan-pan). Subjects were then asked to rate sound similarity of each pair on a 10-point scale. Not very surprisingly, there was a strong correlation between the number of phonemic segments matched and the similarity score provided by the subjects. This result was in accord with the previous results from English (e.g., Vitz & Winkler, 1973; Derwing & Nearey, 1986) and supported the assumption that the phoneme is the basic phonological unit in Korean and English. However, there were sharply contrasting results between the two languages. When the pairs shared two phonemes (e.g., pan-pat; pan-pen; pan-man), the pairs sharing the fIrst two phonemes were judged significantly more similar than the other two types of pairs. Quite to the contrary, in the comparable English experiments, the pairs sharing the last two phonemes were judged significantly more similar than the other two types of pairs. Experiment 2 was designed to conflrm the results of Experiment 1 by controlling the 'degree' of similarity between phonemes. For example, the pair pan-pam can be judged more similar than the pair pan-nan, although both pairs share the same number of phonemes. This could be interpreted either as confirming the result of Experiment 1 or as the fact that /n/ is more similar to /m/ than /p/ is to /n/ in terms of shared number of distinctive features. The results of Experiment 2 supported the former interpretation. Thus, the results of both experiments clearly showed that, although the 'number' of matched phonemes is the important predictor in judging sound similarity of monosyllabic pairs of both languages, the 'position' of the matched phonemes exerts a different influence in judging sound similarity in the two languages. This contrasting set of results may provide interesting implications for the internal structure of the syllable in the two languages.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2014

This paper investigated the effects of frequency band limitation on perceptual characteristics of Korean consonants. Monosyllabic speech (144 syllables of CV type, 56 syllables of VC type, 8 syllables of V type) produced by two announcers were low- and high-pass filtered with cutoff frequencies ranging from 300 to 5000 Hz. Six listeners with normal hearing performed perception test by types of filter and cutoff frequencies. We reported phoneme recognition rates and types of perception error of band-limited Korean consonants to examine how frequency distortion in the process of speech transmission affect listener's perception. The results showed that recognition rates varied with the following factors: position in a syllable, manner of articulation, place of articulation, and phonation types. Consonants in the final position were stronger to the frequency band limitation than those in the initial position. Fricatives and Affricates are stronger than stops. Fortis consonants were less stronger than their lenis or aspirated counterparts. Types of perception error also varied depending on such factors as consonant's place of articulation: In case of bilabial stops, they were perceived as alveolar stops with while in cases of alveolar and velar stops, there were changes in phonation types without any change in the place of articulation.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2024

동시조음은 제한된 시간과 공간 안에서 연속적인 조음기관의 움직임으로 인해 주위의 분절음과 다양한 중첩을 통해 서로 영향을 주고받는 것이다. 본 연구는 파열음, 파찰음과 모음(ᅡ, ᅵ, ᅮ)으로 구성된 CVC 음절과 VCV 음절에서 읽기장애아동과 일반아동의 동시조음 특성 차이를 규명하였다. 연구대상자는 초등학교 2-6학년 읽기장애아동 13명과 일반아동 13명이었다. 읽기과제 음성 자료를 이용해 자음이 끝나고 모음이 시작되는 지점과 모음 안정 구간의 중간 지점에서 제 2 포먼트를 측정하였다. 측정된 제 2 포먼트를 이용해 회귀분석을 실시해 집단별 조음위치, 발성유형에 따라 로커스방정식(LE) 기울기를 구하여 삼원분산분석(3-way ANOVA)을 실시하였다. CVC 음절에서 읽기장애아동은 일반아동에 비해 작은 LE 기울기 값을 보였다. 조음위치에서는 연구개음이나 양순음이 치조음이나 경구개음과 비교해 더 가파른 LE 기울기를 보였다. VCV 음절에서는 집단, 발성유형에서 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았으며 조음위치에서 보인 유의미한 차이도 CVC 음절 결과와 다른 양상을 보였다. 본 연구는 읽기장애아동이 음절구조에 따라 다른 양상의 동시조음 기울기를 보인다는 것과 읽기장애 아동의 높은 휴지 비율은 VCV 구조에서 동시조음에 더 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the speech rate, fluency and the type of dysfluencies of normal adults in order to provide a basic data of normal speaking. The number of subjects of this study were 30(14 females and 16 males), and their ages ranged 17 to 36. The rate was measured as syllables per minute (SPM). The speech rates in reading ranged 273-426 with a mean of 348 SPM and in speaking ranges 118-409 (mean=265). The average of their fluencies was 99.1% in reading and 96.9% in speaking. The rater reliability of speech rate in the data assessed by video was very high (r=0.98) and the rater reliability of speech fluency was moderately high (r=0.67). The disfluency types were also analysed from 150 disfluency episodes. Syllable repetition and word interjection were the most common disfluent types.