• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.451-458
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the compost process and the evaporating phenomenon, a rotary reversing compost system has been tested in swine fm. In the summer season, the compost temperature were varied in the range of 50~$60^{\circ}C$ and the ash content has been increased to 12.8% showing in average of 24.7% at the end of phase. In the winter season, the compost temperature were varied in the range of 40~$57^{\circ}C$ and the ash content has been increased to 8.5% showing in the average of 18% at the end of phase. In summer the compost facility could handle all of the animal waste, but in winter it could not handle 1/4~1/3 of the animal excrement. The needed sawdust by this method could be reduced to 1/3 than that of the mixing method at the beginning of compost process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.11
• /
• pp.2047-2058
• /
• 2000

The effects of operating parameters on performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB). anaerobic filter(AF), and two-stage anaerobic sludge bed filter (ASBF) bioreactors in treating swine wastewater were evaluated by operating the lab-scale bioreactors upto hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 1 day and organic loading rate (OLR) of $5.1kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$ for 200 days. Swine wastewaters of which characteristics were affected by types of hog raising and seasons contained high concentrations of COD, SS, and ammonia. Inoculation of the bioreactors with waste sludge from anaerobic treatment facility of local municipal wastewater treatment plant was effective in developing biomass in the bioreactors. Acclimation period of the bioreactors with swine wastewaters required approximately 40 days, but that for AF and two-stage ASBF, which were filled with media, was faster than VASB. The bioreactors showed high and stable COD removal efficiency of 77~91% at influent T-N concentrations of 370~800mg/L but low and unstable COD removal efficiency of 24~94% at influent T-N concentrations of 760~1,310mg/L. It is essential to remove ammonia prior to anaerobic treatment since the concentrations of ammonia in swine wastewaters showed toxic effects to methanogenic bacteria. The bioreactors were effective in treating swine wastewaters with COD removal efficiency of 78.9~81.5% and biogas generation rate of $0.39{\sim}0.59m^3/kg-COD_r$ at OLR of $1.1{\sim}2.2kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$: however, an increase of OLR by reducing HRT and increasing influent COD caused decrease of COD removal efficiency. The extent of decrease in COD removal efficiency was higher in UASB than AF and two-stage ASBF. AF and two-stage ASBF anaerobic bioreactors were effective in treating varing characteristics of swine wastewaters since they showed high and stable COD removal efficiency at high OLR due to effective retention of biomass by media and staging.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.127-131
• /
• 1993

A newly developed waste-water treatment system for small scale piggery wastes through a demonstration trial at a farm. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The amount of piggery wastes produced was 10.2kg/head/day, which consisted of 2.8kg solid wastes and $7.41{\ell}$ fluid wastes. 2. The unit BOD discharge from piggery wastes was 207g/head/day, among which 81 percent was originated from solid waste and 19 percent from fluid waste. 3. After the treatment of the waste-water through the system, BOD, total N and total P were lowered by 99, 78, 74 percent, respectively : the BOD, total N and total P in the final effluent were $52mg/{\ell}$, $213mg/{\ell}$ and $28mg/{\ell}$, respectively. 4. The results of the trials suggested that the system could be recommended for the practical use at the farms.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.104-111
• /
• 2011

In order to assess the performance of co-digester using pig slurry and food waste at the farm scale biogas production facility, the anaerobic facility that adopts the one-stage CSTR of 5 $m^3\;day^{-1}$ input scale was designed and installed under the conditions of the OLR of 2.33 kg $m^3\;day^{-1}$ and HRT of 30 days in an pig farmhouse. Several operation parameters were monitored for assessment of the process performance. The anaerobic facility was operated in three stages to compare the performance of the anaerobic co-digester. In the Stage I, that was fed with a mix of pig slurry to food waste ratio of 7:3 in the input volume, where input TS content was 4.7 (${\pm}0.8$) %, and OLR was 0.837-1.668 kg-VS $m^3\;day^{-1}$. An average biogas yield observed was 252 $Nm^3\;day^{-1}$ with methane content 67.9%. This facility was capable of producing an electricity of 626 kWh $day^{-1}$ and a heat recovery of 689 Mcal day-1. In Stage II, that was fed with a mixture of pig slurry and food waste at the ratio of 6:4 in the input volume, where input TS content was 6.9 (${\pm}1.9$) %, and OLR was 1.220-3.524 kg-VS $m^3\;day^{-1}$. The TS content of digestate was increased to 3.0 (${\pm}0.3$) %. In Stage III, that was fed with only pig slurry, input TS content was 3.6 (${\pm}2.0$) %, and OLR was 0.182-2.187 kg-VS $m^3\;day^{-1}$. In stage III, TS and volatile solid contents in the input pig slurry were highly variable, and input VFAs and alkalinity values that affect the performance of anaerobic digester were also more variable and sensitive to the variation of input organic loading during the digester operation. The biogas produced in the stage III, ranged from 11.3 to 170.0 $m^3\;day^{-1}$, which was lower than 222.5-330.2 $m^3\;day^{-1}$ produced in the stage II.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to estimate the economic impacts on operation cost and curtail the bulking agent between two kinds of plants in swine farms. Bulking agents and Plants have a variety of roles in the fields of the composting for livestock manure and also represent an economic problem in terms of plant operation costs and compost production. Two farms which have rotary(size of reactor : 10${\times}$35${\times}$1.5m) or bucket(size of reactor : 10${\times}$68${\times}$2m) plants were used for 24 weeks for bucket conveyor system, which are composed of refilling rice hull as a bulking agent every 3 weeks till decreasing volume, for 4 weeks for rotary conveyor system, which has continuous compost production system without refilling rice hull, respectively. Composts was produced in 24 weeks in the bucket conveyor system, in 4 weeks in the rotary conveyor system, respectively. The results are as follows : 1. The tissue change of Rice hull at the composts of 45 days pursuant to composting steps was more crumbling in bucket conveyor system than in rotary conveyor system. 2. Microbial counts of the final composts for safety and quality showed that total bacteria counts was 1.01${\times}$108 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 2.82${\times}$108 cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, Salmonella was 0.3${\times}$102 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 7.6${\times}$102 cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, colifom bacteria was 0.5${\times}$106 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 1.5${\times}$106cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, fungi 1.24${\times}$106 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 0.01${\times}$106 cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, respectively. However, Any system used in this trial could not be met the regulation of A grade compost of EPA and USA. 3. C:N ratio according to the composting was more rapidly changed in bucket conveyor system with 64.5 of 5 days compost to 25.4 of final products than in rotary conveyor system with 26.7 of 5 days compost to 25.9 of final products. 4. Based on the mechanical characteristics of plants used in trial and compared with Rotary conveyor system, the Bucket conveyor system in which has 0.72 ㎥/㎥ of bulking agent capacity per slurry could be curtailed 1.78 ㎥of rice hull for disposal of waste, 1㎥. It was proper facilities to produce composts quantitative in Rotary conveyor system, and to treat waste quantitative and obtain good results in compost quality in Bucket conveyor system.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.173-176
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the volume of pig wastewater and It's characteristics from 6 pig farms. The results obtained in this study was summarized as fellow; The volume of pig waste water was 4.15 l/head/day and 4.04 l in spring, 5.20 l in summer, 4.11 l in fall, and 3.44 $\ell$ in winter. The average moisture content of faces and urine was 74.1%, 98.4%, respectively. Water pollutant concentration, $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N and T-P, excreted from pig was 56,847mg/l, 50,658mg/l, 119,750mg/l, 2,683mg/l, 139mg/l in feces and 2.951mg/l 2,002mg/l, 1,983mg/l, 2,921mg/l, 35mg/l wastewater of swine farms, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate how much coal fly ash could be substituted for sawdust as a bulking agent for livestock waste composting. The mixtures of coal fly ash and sawdust in the weight ratio of 8 to 2, 7 to 3, 6 to 4, 5 to 5, 4 to 6, 3 to 7 and 2 to 8 were added to livestock waste as the bulking agent. The same amount of the bulking agents and livestock waste was mixed and composted during 21 days. Following effects were analyzed during composting experiment : the variation of temperature, pH and various compound contents. The results were summarized as follows: The more the sawdust was added, the higher the maximum temperature in slurry type livestock farm but faster it reached in scrapper type. Water content was maintained under good condition by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. pH was in the range of 7~10 by adding the bulking agent mixed of the same amount of coal fly ash and sawdust. The more the sawdust was added, the higher organic matter content was measured. Nitrogen content with increasing the amount of sawdust added but it was higher did not showed any tendency Organic matter/Nitrogen ratio reduced during the composting period in scrapper type but it showed contrary tendency in slurry type with that of scrapper type.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.58 no.10
• /
• pp.36.1-36.5
• /
• 2016

Background: Liquid feeding system has been introduced to domestic swine farms, but negative cognition about liquid feeding system has been remained for feed waste decay related with poor management and microbial contamination. For these reasons, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding method in lactating sows. Methods: A total of 30 mixed-parity (average 4.13) lactating sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with an initial BW of $218.8{\pm}19.5kg$ was used in a 3 week trial. Sows were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design by their body weight, backfat thickness, parity and alive litter weight. One of treatments was dry feeding and the other was liquid feeding (water to feed ratio, 1:1). Experimental diets contained 3265 kcal ME/kg, 12.6 % CP, 5.76 % EE, 1.09 % total lysine, 0.25 % total methionine, as fed basis. Results: Dry feeding treatment had high body weight loss rather than liquid feeding treatment (P = 0.04). Dry feeding treatment had tendency to increase litter weight at 21d of lactation (P = 0.06) and litter weight gain (P = 0.04) during lactation period (0-3 week). Sows fed dry feeding method made milk containing high content of casein and total solid rather than sows fed liquid feeding method (P = 0.04). In addition, dry feeding treatment had tendency to higher content of milk fat, protein and solid not fat on 21d of lactation (P = 0.07). Sows fed dry feeding type also showed higher milk energy content in milk of 21d lactation (P = 0.05). Furthermore, liquid feeding treatment showed high occurrence in feed waste during lactation period (P <0.01). Conclusion: Dry feeding method was more suitable feeding method to lactating sows under high temperature environment like lactating barn.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 2002

The essential oil free needles, which were left after distillation of essential oil from various coniferous needles, were fermented with food waste organics in order to use as compost and roughage. Microorganisms for the fermentation were selected from domestic sources such as swine compost, bark compost, and kimchi, etc, and consisted of aerothermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. The weight reduction ratio of food waste organics treated with the microorganisms was 90% after 30 days treatment, and the fermentation temperature was kept at approximately $45^{\circ}C$. The compost process was really slow due to chemical compounds derived from needles, and it finally took 60 days for complete compost. When 10% of needle compost was mixed with soil for radish growth, the growth indicators such as leaf length and root weight were increased compared with control, while root weight, root width, and root length were inhibited on the addition of 20% needle compost. The nutrient value and digestibility ratio of various essential oil free needles as roughage for ruminant animals were evaluated. The ratio of crude protein for essential oil free needles from Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was 10.02%, which was higher than those of rice straw(5.48%) and corn(9.00%). The digestibility ratios of essential oil free needles from Sawara cypress(Chamaecwaris pislfera), Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis), and Japanese Red Pine(Pinus densiflora) was 53%, 34%, 34%, respectively, indicating that those essential oil free needles were considered as excellent roughage.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.231-239
• /
• 1994

A reed-sand-filter system was used to purify swine wastewater economically. Reeds (Phragmites communis Trin) were planted on the sand / gravel bed of a 20/30cm layer depth. After the input of waste-water up to a depth of l0㎝, the effluent was monitored for pollutants on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day thereafter. As swine wastewater stayed longer, the pollutants in the effluent such as T-N, $PO_4^{3-}$, COD and BOD were removed more effectively. The sand-filter system with reeds showed a superior removal efficiency to that without reeds. Especially in summer, the former showed greater purification rates than the latter, being 30% greater in T-N, 37% in $PO_4^{3-}$, 42% in COD and 30% in suspended solids. The seasonal purification efficiency was in the decreasing order of July, October and April. Reeds took up 40.1g N, 10.8g $P_2O_5$, 38.9g $K_2O$, 2.8g CaO, 2.1g MgO per square meter of the above surface area.