• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2006

The aims of this study were to describe the effects of glucose-sweetened drinks on blood glucose, energy, and water intake at a meal 3 hours later. The effect of blood glucose on prandial energy intake and the relationship between water and energy intake during a meal were also determined. Twenty healthy normal-weight men were fed pizza test meals 3h after consuming four drinks of 0, 50g, 65g, and 75g glucose in random order, within-subjects design. Blood samples were measured at baseline and every 30 min after ingestion of drinks and 30min after the end of the test meal and the appetite was also assessed by visual analog test at the same interval. The results of this study showed that various glucose drinks altered blood glucose responses compared with that of water control(p<0.0001). Blood glucose areas under the curve(AUC) for glucose-sweetened drinks were significantly(p<0.05) higher than that for the control over 3 hours after a drink and 30 min after the test meal. Consumption of the glucose-sweetened drinks significantly increased(p<0.05) energy and water intake at a test meal compared with the water control, except the drink containing 75g glucose. For all drinks combined, the energy intake was negatively correlated with the blood glucose and positively correlated with the volume of water consumed at a test meal at 3 hours later.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the beverage consumption by gender and season in elementary school children and to investigate the role of beverage consumption patterns on their daily nutrient intakes and BMIs. Beverage consumption and dietary energy intake in 160 elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area were measured by a beverage frequency and quantity questionnaire and three 24-hour dietary recalls during winter and summer. The number of drinking moments per month, the amounts of beverage per day, and the energy from beverage consumption were not different between winter and summer. In summer, the contribution of energy from sweetened beverage to the daily energy intake in girls accounted for 13.5% which was significantly higher compared to 7.7% in boys. In girls, the consumption of health beverage showed a significant correlation with various nutrient intakes in winter. Meanwhile, the sweetened beverage intake was negatively correlated with energy, protein, vitamin A and niacin intake in summer. Consumption of most of the beverages, including sweetened beverages, were not related with BMI in both sexes and both seasons, except functional drinks which were related with BMI in boys in winter.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.70-75
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and obesity is universally a controversial issue. This study was undertaken to examine the beverage consumption pattern of Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data was collected from the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey involving 65,528 adolescent respondents. A list of the most frequently consumed beverages was analyzed, and the consumption frequency of carbonated beverages, SSBs, and energy drinks during the past seven-days was assessed. The main reasons for the adolescents to consume the beverages were also determined. RESULTS: The beverage preference of adolescents were carbonated beverages (31.0%), 'fruit and vegetable beverages (17.7%)', 'milk (13.6%)', and 'coffee (12.7%)'. Carbonated beverages and SSBs were consumed more than three times a week by 27.1% and 41.1% of the respondents, respectively. About 86.2% of adolescents did not take of any energy drinks during the last seven-days. Taste was the most common reason that adolescents considered when choosing a drink. Carbonated beverages consumed more frequently by boys than girls, and high school students drank coffee more frequently than middle school students. CONCLUSIONS: Boys had a higher preference for unhealthy beverages than girls, whereas consumption of high-caffeine drinks was greater amongst high-school students than middle school students.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2020

Purpose: Some of the adolescent drinks more sugar-sweetened beverages. However, there is little evidence on the effect of eating behavior on emotional state and neurochemical changes under stress, especially on the levels of typical inhibitory neurotransmitters and gamma-aminobutyric acid. This article demonstrates that sucrose or saccharin drink reduces stress-related behavior responses and GABAergic deficits in adolescent rats. Methods: We randomly assigned 7-weeks-old Sprague-Dawley male rats to three groups: control group (Control), restraint stress only group (Stress), and restraint stress with unrestricted access to saccharin solution (Saccharin) and sucrose solution (Sucrose) as a positive control. We evaluated both anxious and depressive moods using an open field test and forced swim test, respectively. Using western blot analyses, the expression of a GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) and GABAergic markers, including calbindin and parvalbumin was assessed in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Results: We found that both the drinks alleviated anxiety and depressive moods, induced significant attenuation in GAD67 level, and reduced calbindin level under stress in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Conclusion: The results provide an understanding of the effect of sucrose or saccharin drink on stress-related responses. We propose the consumption of sweet drinks as a plausible strategy to alleviate stress-related alterations in adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 1979

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni M. can be cultivated in Korea as a new sweetness resource. It seems possible that stevioside the sweet substance extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni M. can be used instead of saccharin. In order to obtain the fundamental data due to natural sweetening materials used of as additives to food stuffs such as coffee and tea etc. It was investigated to reduce the calories from coffee and tea without reducing the conventional sweetness, drinks sweetened with mixtures of stevioside and sucrose were prepared. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Mixture of 50% stevioside 40 mg (0.04%) (A) and 1.5% sucrose, 95% stevioside 20 mg (0.02%) (B) and 2.0% sucrose, and 50% stevioside 60 mg (0.06%) (A) and 95% stevioside 40 mg (0. 04%) (B), the sweetness of which in coffee corresponded to that of 7% sucrose in the drink, was prepared. 2) Mixture of 50% stevioside 60 mg (0.06%) (A) and 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% sucrose, 95% stevioside 40 mg (0.04%) (B) and 1.5, 2.0% sucrose, and 50% 80 mg (0.08%), 95% 60 mg (0.06%) (A,B), respectively the sweetness of which in tea corresponded to that of 7% sucrose in the above drink, was prepared. 3) Sucrose saving of 21.42-28.57% compared to equally sweet sucrose-sweetened coffee and tea could be achieved without deterioration of other taste qualities.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 1997

Some sensory properties of synthetic sweeteners are limiting factors for use in low calorie foods of soft drinks. By combining synthetic sweeteners(Neohesperidin dihydrochacone(NHDC), stevioside) with sucrose, sorbitol or xylitol, these limitations can be overcome. Using trained taste panelists and magnitude estimation methods, synergistic effects were investigated in binary sweetener mixtures, The results showed that synergism, as much as 28% to 69%,was noted at all concentration in xylitol-stevioside, NHDC-stevioside mixtures. Synergistic effects were found only at high concentration levels in mixtures of sucrose-NHDC, sucrose-stevioside, and sorbitol-stevioside, ranging from 11% to 22%.By taking advantage of synergistic effects, ginseng tea and orange flavored beverages, sweetened with either xylitol-stevioside of NHDC-stevioside, were prepared and the sensory quality was compared with that of sucrose containing beverages. It was found that sensory characteristics were judged to be very similar for all formulations. The result suggests the possibility of using of using these sweetener mixtures as sugar substitutes in ginseng tea and orange drink.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.318-327
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• 2008

This study examined the cultural dietary habits as well as attitudes toward food, within other life pattern elements, of students living in Gwangju City and Chonnam Province, Korea. Questionnaires from 1,000 student respondents were analyzed. The survey consisted of questions regarding physical condition and health status, dietary consciousness, food preference, knowledge of food and nutrition, and dietary culture. The results showed that 1.6% of the students considered their own physical condition to be extremely poor, and 2.7% and 2.1% also considered their father's and mother's physical conditions as extremely poor, respectively. Among the respondents, 18.3% were smokers and consumed an average of 14.8 cigarettes per day. With regard to their dietary habits, the students answered that they preferred to eat meals with friends rather than with family members, fruit was chosen for eating over health food supplements, and there was very little participation or interest in various food and cultural festivals. The female students had a tendency to alleviate mental stresses by eating, while the male students performed more physical activity to deal with stress. The female students also preferred cereal, fruit, fast food, and sweetened foods more than the male students. Between the smokers and non-smokers, significantly more non-smokers chose fruit (p<0.01), ethnic foods (p<0.05), and sweetened foods (p<0.05) as compared to the smokers. Body mass index (BMI) had significant positive correlations with soft drink (p<0.01), health food supplement (p<0.01), and alcoholic beverage (p<0.001) consumption, while BMI was negatively correlated with cereal (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.001), and sweetened food (p<0.01) intake. The health status of students was positively correlated with their father's health status (p<0.01), mother's health status (p<0.001), and BMI (p<0.05), as well as cereal (p<0.001), high protein side dish (p<0.01), fruit (p<0.01), vegetable (p<0.01), and traditional food (p<0.001) intake. The average body weight for female students was approximately 5 kg less than the Korean Nutrition Society's standardized weight, therefore, it is strongly recommended that measures be taken to develop a systematic nutrition education program that would help those students who often unintentionally skip breakfast or go on extreme diets to improve body image.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.63-79
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• 2021

본 연구는 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 중학생(만 12~14세, 남녀 2,543명)의 가당음료 섭취량 변화 추이를 파악하고 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 영양상태를 파악하여 청소년을 위한 식생활교육의 기초자료로 제공하고자 실시하였다. 연도별 음료 섭취량의 변화 추이, 전체 기간을 통합하여 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 섭취 적정도 및 영양불량의 차이를 다중회귀분석이나 𝛘²-test로 검증하였다. 가공 과정에 당류를 넣는 탄산음료(콜라, 사이다, 기타 탄산음료 포함), 스포츠음료, 카페인음료(커피, 에너지음료, 홍차, 코코아류)를 합하여 가당음료로 분류하였다. 24시간 회상법으로 1일간 실시한 1일 가당음료(sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB) 섭취량에 따라 대상자를 가당음료 1군(SSB 1, 가당음료 섭취량 0 g/d), 가당음료 2군(SSB 2, 0 g/d < 가당음료 섭취량 < 50 백분위수), 가당음료 3군(SSB 3, 가당음료 섭취량 ≥ 50 백분위수)으로 3구분하였다. 연구 결과, 1일 가당음료 섭취량은 남자 76.1±6.2 g/d, 여자 59.5±4.7 g/d으로 남자가 여자보다 많았다. 1일 가당음료 섭취량 분포는 섭취자만 대상으로 했을 때 남녀에서 10 백분위수가 7.3~9.0 g/d, 99 백분위수가 1,052~1,078 g/d으로 나타나 차이가 컸다. 음료 종류별 섭취량은 남녀 모두 탄산음료 섭취량이 가장 많았다. 연도에 따라서 남자(p=0.0004)와 여자(p=0.0038)의 가당음료 섭취량이 증가하는 추세이었다. 2007년 대비 2015년의 가당음료 섭취량 증가폭은 남자는 2.5배, 여자는 1.5배 증가하여 가당음료 섭취량이 빠르게 증가하고 있었다. 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따라 남녀에서 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 에너지, 철 섭취량의 섭취기준에 의한 비율은 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 칼슘, 비타민 C 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 그리고 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 1일 칼슘 섭취량의 권장섭취량에 대한 비율은 남자 47.7~54.8%, 여자 50.5~56.4%로 매우 낮았으며, 1일 나트륨 섭취량은 충분섭취량에 대해 남자 276.9~295.5%, 여자 231.0~257.1% 수준으로 과다하였고 나머지 영양소는 섭취기준에 근접하거나 이상으로 섭취하고 있어 양호하였다. 영양섭취부족자 비율은 남녀에서 모두 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 차이가 없었으며, 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 남녀 전체에 대해 10% 정도이었다. 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율은 남자(p=0.0091)와 여자(p<0.0001)에서 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따라 남녀에서 나트륨 목표섭취량 이상 섭취자 비율은 차이가 없었으나 78.8~93.1%로 매우 높았다. 칼슘부족섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 86.8~94.9%로 높았다. 이상에서 2007~2015의 9년치 국민건강영양조사로 분석했을 때 만 12~14세 중학생 남녀에서 가당음료 섭취량이 연도별로 증가하는 추세이었으며, 가당음료 섭취 수준이 높을수록 에너지, 철 섭취량의 섭취기준에 의한 비율이 증가하였고 칼슘, 비타민 C 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율이 감소하였고 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율이 높아졌다. 그리고 전체 대상자에서 칼슘 섭취가 매우 부족하였으며 나트륨 섭취가 과다하였다. 따라서 중학생의 영양상태 향상을 위해 가당음료 섭취를 줄이고 수분은 순수한 물로 마시도록 하며 칼슘 섭취를 위해 우유 마시기를 생활화하고 덜 짜게 먹도록 노력할 필요가 있으며 이를 위한 실천과 식생활교육 및 제도적 지원이 강화되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.197-202
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• 1989

밥과 엿기름 가루의 양을 달리한 식혜와 여러가지 대체 감미료의 상대당도 결정 및 이들의 단독 또는 혼합사용에 따른 특성 평가의 결과는 다음과 같다. 엿기름 가루의 양이 증가함에 따라 식혜의 색 및 엿기름 냄새의 강도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 밥의 양이 증가하는 경우, 식혜의 탁도, 단맛 및 점도의 강도는 큰 반면, 쓴 맛은 오히려 적다고 평가되었다. 환원당량은 밥과 엿기름 가루의 양이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 10%의 sucrose를 첨가한 식혜의 당도와 같은 단맛을 주는 aspartame, saccharin 및 sorbitol의 상대당도는 sucrose를 기준으로 하여 각각 130, 205 및 0.54배에 해당한다. 사용된 감미료에 따라 단맛은 동일하게 나타났으나, 쓴맛, 식혜 고유의 향미, 점도 및 수렴성은 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 또한, 혼합감미료를 첨가한 식혜는 sucrose를 첨가한 식혜와 단맛, 쓴맛 및 수렴성에서 차이를 보였으며, 특히 단맛에서는 현저한 증가를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.277-287
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• 2023

본 연구는 광주 지역 대학생을 대상으로 섭식 행동과 영양 상태를 조사하고, 섭식 행동 유형별 영양 상태를 비교하여 이들 요인의 관련성을 분석하고자 수행되었다. 주요 결과는 첫째, 대상자의 성별에 따라 섭식 행동 수준과 유형의 분포는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 여학생이 남학생보다 감정적 섭식과 외부적 섭식 행동 수준이 높았고, 섭식 행동 유형에서 감정적, 절제적, 복합 섭식 유형이 많았다. 둘째, 대상자의 섭식 행동 유형에 따라 영양 상태는 차이가 있었다. 감정적 섭식 유형의 대상자가 절제적 섭식 유형보다 영양 지수가 낮았고, 다양과 식행동 영역에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 세부적으로 감정적 섭식 유형이 건강한 식생활에 대한 노력과 주관적 건강 상태, 영양 표시 확인, 식사 전 손 씻기, 물 섭취량에서 절제적 및 복합 유형보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 외부적 섭식 유형의 대상자는 절제적 섭식 유형보다 절제 수준이 유의하게 낮았으며, 라면과 가당 음료에 대한 절제력이 절제적 및 복합 섭식 유형보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 대학생의 섭식 행동 유형별로 잠재된 주요 영양 문제를 파악하였고, 유형별 문제 개선을 위한 맞춤 전략을 세우는 데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.