• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.349-355
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• 2008

To determine the peripheral mechanisms involved in thermal sweating during the hot summers in July before acclimatization and after acclimatization in September, we evaluated the sweating response of healthy subjects (n=10) to acetylcholine (ACh), a primary neurotransmitter involved in peripheral sudomotor sensitivity. The quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) measures sympathetic C fiber function after iontophoresed ACh evokes a measurable reliable sweat response. The QSART, at 2 mA for 5 min with 10% ACh, was applied to determine the directly activated (DIR) and axon reflex-mediated (AXR) sweating responses during ACh iontophoresis. The AXR sweat onset-time by the axon reflex was $1.50{\pm}0.32$ min and $1.84{\pm}0.46$ min before acclimatization in July and after acclimatization in September, respectively (p<0.01). The sweat volume of the AXR(l) [during 5 min 10% iontophoresis] by the axon reflex was $1.45{\pm}0.53\;mg/cm^2$ and $0.98{\pm}0.24\;mg/cm^2$ before acclimatization in July and after acclimatization in September, respectively (p<0.001). The sweat volume of the AXR(2) [during 5 min post-iontophoresis] by the axon reflex was $2.06{\pm}0.24\;mg/cm^2$ and $1.39{\pm}0.32\;mg/cm^2$ before and after acclimatization in July and September, respectively (p<0.001). The sweat volume of the DIR was $5.88{\pm}1.33\;mg/cm^2$ and $4.98{\pm}0.94\;mg/cm^2$ before and after acclimatization in July and September, respectively (p<0.01). These findings suggest that lower peripheral sudomotor responses of the ACh receptors are indicative of a blunted sympathetic nerve response to ACh during exposure to hot summer weather conditions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.154-158
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• 2011

Background: Video-assisted thoracic sympathicotomy plays an important for the treatment of essential hyperhidrosis. Patients are usually satisfied with the surgical outcome at the early post-operative period, but suffer recurrence and compensatory sweating in the late post-operative period. There are many sympathicotomy methods to minimize recurrence and compensatory sweating. We compared the outcome of sympathicotomy methods above the third rib (R3) and the fourth rib (R4) with regards to symptoms, satisfaction, recurrence, and compensatory palmar and axillary hyperhydrosis. Materials and Methods: From January 1999 to April 2009, 39 cases of thoracoscopic sympathicotomy at the third rib (R3), and 94 cases of thoracoscopic sympathicotomy at the fourth rib (R4) for palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis were compared for early and late post-operative satisfaction, compensatory sweating and recurrence. Results: There was no sex or age difference between groups. Early satisfaction was 94.9% and 98.9% in the R3 group and R4 group, respectively. There was no difference in early satisfaction (94.9% in R3 and 98.9% in R4), late satisfaction (84.6% in R3 and 89.4% in R4), or recurrence (17.9% in R3 and 17.0% in R4) between groups. There was significant difference in compensatory sweating (71.8% in R3 and 33% in R4, p=0.002). Conclusion: R4 sympathicotomy demonstrated superior efficacy in the treatment of compensatory sweating compared to R3 in palmar and/or axillary hyperhidrosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2008

Background: Thoracoscopic R3 sympathicotomy can effectively treat palmar hyperhidrosis. Here, we evaluated post-operative outcomes of patients receiving a thoracoscopic R3 sympathicotomy due to palmar hyperhidrosis. Material and Method: From January 2001 to December 2006, 225 patients were treated with a R3 sympathicotomy, and follow up was completed for 200 patients, with an average follow up period of 51.7 ($11{\sim}80$) months. We measured postoperative hand sweating according to four grades; dry (grade 1), proper (grade 2), light sweating (grade 3), heavy sweating (grade 4) and evaluated patient satisfaction using 4 grades: very good (grade 0), good (grade1), regular (grade 2), and deficient (grade 3). Result: There were no differences in clinical parameters between the compensatory sweating group and the non-compensatory sweating group. There was a 83.5% compensatory sweating rate. The degree of compensatory sweating related to the patient's body mass index and was influenced by the season, environmental temperature, and emotional stress. Conclusion: The satisfaction rate was 61.5%, and the degree of satisfaction related to the development of compensatory sweating. Therefore, reducing compensatory sweating would increase patient satisfaction with R3 sympathicotomies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.456-460
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• 1999

Background: Thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis has been recognized as an effective treatment using thoracoscopic devices and operative techniques, but the satisfaction has decreased due to a compensatory hyperhidrosis. Therefore, the postoperative results and compensatory hyperhidrosis were analyzed. We also measured the temperature differences in the hand and foot during the preoperative and postoperative periods and measured the blood flow of upper and lower extremities. Material and Method: From December 1995 to July 1998, total of 47 patients with hyperhidrosis underwent sympathectomy via VATS at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital. The patients were evaluated for preoperative and postoperative temperature changes on the finger and toe, and preoperative and postoperative blood flows were measured by the Doppler examination on the digital artery, radial artery and dorsalis pedis artery. Result: There were no operative deaths but some complications existed: 7 pneumothorax, 3 recurrence and 1 Honor syndrome. Ninety-five percent of the patients also had compensatory sweating especially in the trunk. There were 5 patients who regretted recurring the operation because of the compensatory sweating. Sweating decreased in 46% of the sole hyperhidrosis patients. The temperature difference between preoperation and postoperation was 1$^{\circ}C$ on the right hand side and 1.9$^{\circ}C$ on the left hand side(P<0.05). There was no significant temperature difference on the sole. Blood flow increased significantly in the palm, but no difference in the sole. Conclusion: In conclusion, thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis is a safe and effective treatment but satisfaction has been decreased by the compensatory sweating; therefore, it is important to thoroughly explain the compensatory sweating prior to surgery. Improvement of the plantar hyperhidrosis is not due to a physiological change, but to a psychological stability.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2009

Purpose: Frey's syndrome is a common complication after parotid surgery and characterized by gustatory sweating and flushing in the periauricular area during meals. Although a variety of methods have been proposed to prevent this postoperative problem but they have been unsatisfactory. In this article, therefore, botulinum toxin A was used to treat nine patients with Frey's syndrome and its duration effect after injection was investigated. Methods: Nine patients became the object of study about the effect of botulinum toxins as treatment of Frey's syndrome. Age of patients ranged from 25 to 78 years (mean, 43.7 years). Six of nine patients had both symptoms of gustatory sweating and flushing. And the others had only gustatory sweating symptom. Using Minor starch iodine test, the affected skin area was detected, and it was marked by $1cm^2$ sized grid appearance. After application of EMLA cream on the gustatory sweating area, botulinum toxin A was injected intracutaneously into the affected skin area ($2.5U/cm^2$). Patients were followed up from six to fifteen months (mean, about 12 months) and asked about improvement of their symptoms. Results: The treatement with botulinum toxin A took effective within two days after injection. Six months after injection, gustatory sweating disappeared completely in all patients, and five of six patients who had gustatory flushing improved in their symptom. Last follow-up, no patients complained of recurrent gustatory sweating and flushing except one. One patient, seven months after initial injection, was retreated with botulinum toxin A because of recurrence, and the result was successful. The duration of the effect after botulinum toxin A treatment was ranged from seven to thirteen months. One patient in our series experienced the upper eyelid weakness as adverse effect, but it improved spontaneously. Conclusion: Local injection of botulinum toxin A is an effective, safe and long - lasting method for treatment of Frey's syndrome. Hereafter, however, additional study will be required to evaluate the duration effect of botulinum toxin A according to frequency in use and dosage.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.331-334
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• 2016

Purpose: Advanced cancer may accompany cold sweat as paraneoplastic symptom. Few studies have been performed on the efficacy of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in advanced cancer patients who sweated without fever. Methods: To select study participants, medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who satisfied the following criteria: 1) incurable, advanced solid cancer; 2) Cold sweating of 4 or higher on the numeric rating scale (NRS) 4; 3) No evidence of infection or hypoglycemia; 4) No newly started opioid or anti-hormonal agents within one month; 5) NSAID prescription for the management of cold sweating and 6) Documented NRS information before and after NSAID administration. Results: A total of 13 patients were selected after excluding four patients due to lack of NRS information or fever. The mean age was 59 years old (range: 50~71), and nine patients (69%) were male. Bile duct cancer was the most common primary tumor followed by pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and prostate cancer. The mean NRS of cold sweating dropped from baseline 6.5 (min-max: 4~10) to 1.9 at the follow-up assessment (min-max: 0~5). The mean follow-up period was 9.1 days (range: 2~30 days) from NSAID treatment to assessment. Conclusion: NSAID was effective medication for management of sweating without fever in patients with advanced cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.101-103
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• 2003

일상생활에서 컴퓨터 사용은 많은 시간을 차지하고 있다. 다한 증상의 사용자나 환자가 장시간 컴퓨터 마우스를 사용하게 되면 손의 땀으로 작업 중 불편함을 겪게 된다. 본 연구에서는 땀 발생으로 변화되는 피부 전도도 (저항)의 변화를 전압의 변화로 측정하여, 측정된 전압 값이 지정된 번호에 포함되면 자동으로 송풍 팬이 구동되는 컴퓨터용 마우스를 개발하였다. 사용자의 땀 분비와 관련된 피부 전도도의 변화는 마우스에 부착된 금속 전극을 이용하여 측정하였고, DAQ 보드를 통해 컴퓨터(PC)에 전달하고 user interface 창에 디스플레이 시키도록 하였다. 마우스 패드 아래에 부착된 송풍 팬의 구동 제어는 LabVIEW Program을 이용하였다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.378-387
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• 2015

Purpose: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) leads to death if the patient does not receive emergency treatment. Thus it is very important to recognize the symptoms in the early stage. The purpose of this study was to identify clusters of symptoms that represent AMI in Koreans. Methods: The study used a retrospective, descriptive design with secondary data analysis. Data were abstracted from 725 medical records of AMI patients admitted from June 1, 2006 to August 15, 2014 at a university hospital. Results: Analysis of the AMI symptoms revealed five symptom clusters; Cluster 1 (n=140): middle chest pain (100%), shortness of breath, and cold sweating, Cluster 2 (n=256): substernal pain (100%), cold sweating, and shortness of breath, Cluster 3 (n=47): substernal pain (95.7%), left arm pain, shortness of breath, cold sweating, left shoulder pain, right arm pain, and the lower neck pain, Cluster 4 (n=212): shortness of breath (28.3%), left chest pain, and upper abdominal pain, and Cluster 5 (n=70): cold sweating (100%), left chest pain, shortness of breath, left shoulder pain, and upper abdominal pain. Length of hospital stay and mortality rate were significantly different according to symptom clusters (F=2.52, p =.040; F=3.62, p =.006, respectively). Conclusion: Symptom clusters of AMI from this study can be used for AMI patients in order to recognize their symptoms at an early stage. The study findings should be considered when developing educational prevention programs for Koreans with AMI.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2008

Objectives: We intended to identify factors related to the severity of hot flush of climacteric women from an East-West medical point of view. Methods: We surveyed 446 climacteric women who had received Korean oriental medical questionnaires about clinical symptom patterns and health medical examinations at Kyung-Hee University Medical Center over 1 year, from June 2007 to May 2008. Then, we compared hot flush with clinical symptom pattern and health medical examination result. Results: As the severity of hot flush increased, hypnagogic disorder in sleep pattern, abdominal gaseous distention in digestion pattern, tenesmus in evacuation pattern, yellow or reddish urine in voiding pattern, spontaneous sweating in sweating pattern, chest oppression in psychologic pattern, not-pulling-bedclothes in cold-heat pattern and mouth dryness in craniocervical symptom increased (p<0.05). In relation to digestion pattern, the severity of hot flush showed statistical significance according to prevalence of gastritis diagnosed by gastroscopy and upper GI series(p<0.01). In relation to voiding pattern, the severity of hot flush showed statistical significance according to prevalence of urine protein diagnosed by urinalysis (p<0.05). In relation to sweating, psychologic & cold-heat pattern, triiodothyronine (T3) increase and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) decrease were significantly correlated as the severity of hot flush increased (p<0.01). Conclusions: The result showed that hot flush of climacteric women had to be considered in respect of digestion disorder related to gastritis and sweating psychologic cold-heat disorder related to thyroid hormone.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wearing sweat suit on sweating rate during jogging. 4 healthy female students served as subjects in the experimental chamber which was controlled 22$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 60$\pm$10%RH and no wind. The experimental clothes were Sweat Suit (SS) and General Suit (GE), SS was the product of R sports wear company which was consisted of long-sleeved jumper (100% polyester) and full length trousers (100% polyester) and GE were consisted of long sleeved shirt (100% cotton) and full length trousers (100% cotton). The subject wore same socks and shoes in both experimental clothes SS and GE. The subject reported at the experimental chamber at the same time on each experimental day. exchanged their clothes to the experimental clothes SS or GE, wore all sensors for the physiological measurements and had a rest in a sitting posture about 40 minutes. After rest, the subject carried out 30 min jogging on the tread mill with the speed 3.6miles/hour and during the jogging rectal temperature, skin temperatures (7 sites of the skin surface), heart rate, VO2, and evaporative weight loss were measured continuously and compared between two experimental clothes SS and GE. The major findings were as follows : The increase in rectal temperature during 30 min jogging was higher in experimental clothes SS than in GE and mean slim temperature kept higher in SS than in GE. VO2 and heart rate were a little bit higher in the later period of jogging in SS than in GE. The evaporative weight loss was greater in SS than in GE. These results indicate that the thermophysiological responses and sweating rate differs according to the wearing suit even though the subject performed same exercise.