• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.253-256
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics within ages and freezing tolerance of spermatozoa in Jindo Dog. Experimental animals were selected 12 herds within 1~8 year's old and collected semen for 2 times in a week. Collected semen was evaluated whole volume and sperm number with CASA system (SIAS, Medical Supply, Korea). Then seminal plasma were separated and diluted with modified Tris-egg yolk extender and added 4, 6 and 8% glycerol for 4 times to final concentration and equilibrated for 1.5 hrs. Before and after freezing, equilibrated semen were evaluated the survival rates. Total volume of sperm at 1~2 year old group is as $5.2{\times}10^8\;cells/ml$ largest and there were no significance among groups. The motility of 1~2 year old group is highest as 90.9% and there were significance among groups. Abnormal sperm showed similar among groups. The survival rate in terms of pre-freezing and post-freezing were decreased all levels of glycerol and reveled 87.0% to 64.5% in 4%, 87.5% to 51.9% in 6% and 73.4% to 29.7% in 8%, there were significant difference among the groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that the optimal sperm-freezing methods in Jindo Dog are utilized with modified Tris egg-yolk extender with 4% glycerol and were improve the reproductive activity by these methods.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1991

There studies were carried for evaluation of the efficiency of freezing of hamster oocytes for use in a human sperm penetration assay. The hamster oocytes fully equilibrated in various cryoprotectant agents and inseminated with human sperm. After insemination with hamster oocytes, there was no difference in penetrated rates. Cumulus free oocytes equilibrated in 1.5M various cryoprotective agents and slowely cooled to temperature $-30^{\circ}C$ before rapid cooling and storage in nitrozen tank. After rapid thawing, survival rates of frozen oocytes according to cryo-protective agents were examined and the human sperm penetration assay with zona free hamster oocytes was conducted. 1. Survival rates of oocytes after cryoprotectants exposure have no significant difference (range 88-91%) and peneration rate was 51.1%. 2. Recovery and survival rate of frozen-thawed oocytes were 85.1 and 66.8%. There was no significant difference on cryoprotective agents. 3. Penetration rates of the frozen-thawed and intact oocytes were 69.0 and 77.0%, respectively. 4. Hamster oocytes cryopreservation provides a convenient way of supplying and trans-porting hamster oocytes for the assessment of the fertilizing potential of human spermatozoa.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2017

가축유전자원으로서 흑염소 정액은 가축의 증식 및 유전적 개량을 위하여 동결정액으로서 보존될 필요성이 높으나 아직까지 연구 결과가 많이 누적되어 있지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 국내의 흑염소 동결유전자원의 생산성과 효율성 분석을 위하여 가축유전자원센터에서 보유 중인 흑염소 3 계통을 이용하여 전기자극방법에 의하여 채취된 정자와 정소상체유래 정자를 동결 보존하였다. 동결 전 Triladyl 난황희석액을 이용하여 흑염소의 정액과 혼합하여 $17^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 보존하면 응고현상을 관찰할 수 있었으며 42.9%의 비율로 난황이 변화한다는 것을 육안으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 정장 제거용 배양액으로 전기자극 유래 정자를 세정 후 동결 보존하면 융해 후 정자 생존율이 정액 세정용 배양액 $53.8{\pm}5.2%$로 나타났으며 정소상체 정자는 $74.6{\pm}10.6%$로 유의적으로 높게 관찰되었다. 융해된 정자의 장수성을 $17^{\circ}C$에서 조사해 보면 정소상체 유래 정자가 전기자극 유래 정자보다 우수한 것으로 조사되었다. 그러므로, 염소 동결 유전자원을 보존하는 방법으로 정소상체 정자는 활용성이 인정되며, 염소의 개량과 선발을 위하여 농가에서 활용 가능한 동결정액의 생산과 융해 후 생존성 증진을 위하여 더 많은 동결 보존 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

1. Diluted chicken semen can be preserved at 2 to 5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 to 48 hr with resultant fertility of greater than 90% of that of fresh semen. Turkey semen can be preserved at 10 to 15$^{\circ}C$ for 6 to 24 hr and provide economical fertility. 2. Frozen chicken semen has given variable results; a 21 to 93% fertility ranges as compared to 92 to 94% expected with fresh semen. Highest fertility levels obtained with frozen turkey semen intravaginally inseminated have been 61 and 63% using DMSO and glycerol, respectively, as cryoprotectants. 3. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant reauires that its concentration in semen be reduced to less than 2% either by dialysis or centrifugation after thawing and before intravaginal insemination if optimal fertility is to be obtained. 4. The temperature at which cryoprotectants are added to semen and the time allowed for equilibration are important for subsequent fertility pre- and post-freezing. 5. The type of container used for packaging the semen, freeze or cooling rates, thaw rates and level of cryoprotectant all interact in affecting cell survival. 6. Plastic freeze straws as a packaging device for semen offers the following advantages: easy to handle, require minimal storage space, offer a wide range of freeze and thaw rates, and insemination can be made directly from them upon thawing. 7. Controlled slow cooling rates of 1 to 8$^{\circ}C$/min have thus far provided the best results for cooling chicken semen throught the transition phase change (liquid to solid) or critical temperature range of ＋5 to -20 or -35$^{\circ}C$. 8. Highest fertilities have been achieved with frozen chicken semen where a slow thaw rate (2。 to 5$^{\circ}C$) has been used regardless of the freeze rate. 9. To maintain a constant high level of fertility throughout a breeding season with frozen semen, a higher absolute number of spermatozoa must be inseminated (2 to 3 times as many) as compared to fresh semen since a, pp.oximately 50% are destroyed during processing and freezing. 10. The quality of semen may vary with season and age of the male. Such changes in sperm quality could be accentuated by storage effects. Thus, the correct number of spermatozoa may very well vary during the course of a breeding period. 11. As to time of insemination, it is best to avoid inseminating chicken hens within 1-2 hr after or 3-5 hr before oviposition; and turkey hens during or 7-10 hr before oviposition. 12. The physiological receptiveness of the oviduct at the time of insemination is a very important biological factor influencing fertility levels throughout the breeding season.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2011

This study was carried out to establish most suitable freezing condition, to evaluate the different glycerol concentration of freezing and thawing rates on motility, viability, membrane integrity and acrosome intecrity of frozen Korean Jeju Black Bull spermatozoa, Semen was collected from a Korean Jeju Black Bull using an artificial vagina and transported to the laboratory. The semen was extended gradually 1:5 then cooled slowly for 2 hrs to 4$^{\circ}C$. The semen was diluted 1:1 with cryoprotectant extenders (3%, 5% and 7% glycerol) and equilibrated for 2 hrs at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straws. The semen straws were located above 3 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes, above 5 cm for 10 min and above 8 cm for 10 min. And then the frozen straw was plunged into LN$_2$. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at 37$^{\circ}C$ water bath. The viability and membrane integrity immediately post-thawing were significantly higher in samples frozen in 7% glycerol than 3% and 5% glycerol (p<0.05). After CTC staining to assess acrosome integrity, F pattern was significantly increased, but B pattern was significantly decreased in 7% glycerol (p<0.05). Freezing distance of 5 cm from liquid nitrogen and pre-cooling for 10 min yield better survival and membrane integrity, but not significant difference. However, AR pattern according to CTC staining was significantly decreased in 3 cm for 5 min.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1561-1565
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidative effects of taurine on sperm characteristics for in vitro storage of boar semen. Semen was randomly divided into 10 groups in conical tubes and treated with different concentrations of taurine (25-100 mM) with or without $250{\mu}M$ $H_2O_2$. The percentage of motile spermatozoa in taurine groups after 6 and 9 h were significantly higher at >94% and 87%, respectively, compared to the control group ($85.1{\pm}0.5$ and $72.4{\pm}0.3$, p<0.05). The sperm motility in taurine with $H_2O_2$ after 6 h incubation was slightly decreased compared to the taurine alone treatment, but after 9 and 12 h incubation % sperm motility dropped sharply in taurine with $H_2O_2$ ($75.3{\pm}0.3$ and $69.6{\pm}2.9$, p<0.05). For 3, 9 and 12 h incubation, sperm viability in the control was lower than in taurine groups, irrespective of taurine concentration. In eosin Y and nigrosin staining (ENS), the sperm survival rates (%) for 6 h incubation were significantly higher in 25 mM ($76.0{\pm}0.6$) and 50 mM taurine groups ($78.0{\pm}0.7$), respectively. Sperm survival rates for 9 and 12 h incubation were higher in taurine groups (${\geq}48%$ in 9 h and ${\geq}42%$ in 12 h) compared to controls ($43.0{\pm}2.1$ and $31.0{\pm}0.6$, respectively). In the hyoosmotic swelling test (HOST), sperm membrane integrity was similar to the results of sperm survival. These experiments indicate that supplementation of taurine to the semen extender can increase the sperm characteristics(motility, viability, survival and membrane integrity).

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1994

The present experiments on cryopreservation were designed to examine the effects of solution toxicity, equilibration time and cell stages on the post-thaw survival of bovine IVF embryos. The oocytes were matured in vitro(IVM) for 24 hrs. in TCM-199 supplemented with 35 $\mu$g /ml FSH, 10 $\mu$g /ml LH, 1 $\mu$g /ml estradiol-17$\beta$ and granulosa cells at 39$^{\circ}C$ under 5% $CO_2$ in air. They were fertilized in vitro(IVF) by epididymal spermatozoa treated with heparin for 24 hrs., and then the zygotes were co-cultured in vitro(IVC) with bovine oviductal epithelial cells for 7 to 9 days. The bovine IVF embryos were exposed to the EFS solution in one step at room temperature, kept in the EFS solution during different period for toxicity test, vitrified in liquid nitrogen, and thawed rapidly. 1. after the bovine blastocysts were exposed to EFS solution for 2 min. at room temperature and then they were washed in 0.5 M sucrose solution and TCM-199, they were cultured to examined cryoprotectant induced injury during exposure, Most of the embryos(95.0%) developed to reexpanded blastocoels. However, when the exposure time was extended to 5 and 10 min, these development rates dropped dramatically in 5 min. (69.5%) and 10 min. (47.4%), respectively, 2. When the bovine IVF embryos were vitrified in EFS solution after the equilibration for 1 and 2 min. exposure, The embryos to have reexpanded blastocoels following thawing, washing and culture processes were found to he 82.6 and 73.9%, respectively. However, when the exposure time was extended to 3 min, this survival rate dropped to 18.2%. The optimal time for equilibration of bovine IVF blastocysts in EFS solution seemed to he 1~2 min. 3. When the bovine IVF embryos were equilibrated for 1 min. the significantly (P<0. 05) higher post-thaw survival rates were obtained from the embryos of blastocyst stage(81.3%) than morulae stage(5. 1%). The optimal cell stage for viterification with EFS solution proven to he blastocyst stage in bovine IVF embryos. 4. The number of blastomeres of blastocyst stage was examined with nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 during 7 to 9 days post-insemination. The cell counts of frozen bovine IVF embryos were found significantly(P$\geq$7.5 and those of the fresh embryos 76.6$\geq$7. 1, which were cultured in the sarne period and conditions as frozen embryos.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2002

Objective: To observe the capability of fertilization and embryo development including blastocyst formation of the oocytes in simple media after thawing of the cryopreserved cumulus-free mouse oocytes by vitrification method. Methods: Oocytes were collected from 5 to 6 weeks old ICR female mice, and were denuded from the cumulus cells by 0.1% hyaluronidase. Recovered mature oocytes in study group were cryopreserved by vitrification method using EM grid for $5{\sim}7$ days. In brief, oocytes were exposed in dPBS containing 1.5 M EG and 5.5 M EG+1 M sucrose for 2.5 minutes and 20 seconds each, and then executed vitrification by plunging in LN2 after loading on EM grid. Thawing treated by exposure of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 M sucrose solution for 2.5 minutes each in order and used for experiments. Spermatozoa aspirated form the epididymis of 12 weeks old ICR male mice were used for insemination after capacitation. T6 media containing 0.4% BSA were used for fertilization and development. Results: Survival and fertilization rates after thawing were 76.9% and 79.6% respectively. Fertilization rate was lower (p<0.005) than that of control group (92.9%). There was no difference in embryo developmental rates from 2-cell to morula, however, the blastocyst formation rate and mean cell numbers of blastocysts in study group (63.3%, $58.9{\pm}9.2$) were lower compared with those of control group (76.1%, $63.5{\pm}8.9$). Conclusion: Vitrification is an effective method for mouse mature oocyte cryopreservation with high survival and fertilization rate after thawing. And in simple media, fertilization rates and embryo development of frozen-thawed mouse oocytes are satisfactory.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2003

본 실험은 실험견의 정액 동결 시 희석 액에 첨가되는 Glycerol 농도, 동결속도, 동결보존액 첨가후 평형시간, 융해온도와 시간에 따라 정자의 생존성과 운동성을 조사하여 최적의 동결조건을 확립하기 위해 실시하였다. 1. 각기 다른 Glycerol 농도를 함유한 동결보존액에서 동결보존 후 융해하였을 때 4%의 Gly-cerol 농도에서 각각 68.8$\pm$7.4%, 73.2$\pm$8.3%로서 다른 군보다 유의하게 높은 생존율과 운동성 나타냈다(P<0.05). 2. 희석 액 I 을 첨가한 정액을 상온에서 4$^{\circ}C$까지 각각 30, 60, 120분간 속도로 하강 시켜 동결보존 후 융해하였을 때 60분간의 속도로 하강시킨 군에서 생존성은 70.6$\pm$6.8%, 운동성은 72.8$\pm$8.4%로서 다른 군보다 유의하게 높은 생존율과 운동성을 나타냈다(P<0.05). 3. 희석 액 I 을 상온에서 4$^{\circ}C$까지 60분의 속도로 하강시킨 후 희석 액 II를 첨가하여 각각 30, 60, 120분 동안 평형을 유지시킨 후 동결보존 하였을 때 60분 동안 평형을 유지시킨 군에서 생존성은 71.4$\pm$7.3%, 운동성은 74.6$\pm$7.5%로서 다른 군보다 유의하게 높은 생존율 및 운동성을 나타냈다(P<0.05). 4. 정액을 동결함에 있어 액체질소의 표면에서 각각 3, 5, 7, 9cm의 높이에서 정치시킨 후 동결을 실시하였을 때 액체질소의 표면 5cm의 높이에서 동결을 실시한 군에서 융해 후 생존성과 운동성은 각각 77.0$\pm$7.0%, 80.2$\pm$6.3% 로서 다른 군보다 유의하게 높은 생존율과 운동성을 나타냈다(P <0.05). 5. 일정기간 보존된 동결정액을 융해 시 융해온도에 따른 정자의 생존성과 운동성은 37$^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 120초 동안의 기간에 녹였을 때 각각 77.0$\pm$7.0%, 80.2$\pm$6.3%로서 다른 군보다 유의하게 높은 생존율을 나타냈다(P<0.05).

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2000

본 연구는 소 수정란의 동결에 있어서 완만 및 급속동결과 vitrification동결 후의 생존성을 비교하고 이울러, 내동제의 종류 및 배 발달단계가 vitrification동결 보존 후의 발생율을 조사하고자 수행 하였다. 1. 소 수정란의 vitrification 동결보존 후의 발생율과 부화율은 67.5%와 27.5%로서 급속동결 및 완만동결 운해 후의 발생율과 부화율 42.5% 와 20.0% 및 52.5%와 25.0%에 비해 높게 나타났으나 대조군(82.5%, 37.5%)에 비해서 낮게 나타났다. 2. EFS와 EDS내동제의 처리에 따른 소 수정란의 vitrification 동결보존 후의 발생율과 부화율은 47.5%와 22.5% 및 52.5%와 27.5%로서 대조군의 82.5%와 37.5%에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 3. 소 수정란의 2 cell, 8 cell, morulae, blastocyst stage별 vitrification 동결보존 후의 발생율과 부화율은 25.0%와 15.0%, 32.5%와 20.0%, 37.5%와 20.0%, 52.5%와 27.5% 및 47.5%와 25.0%로서 대조군(82.5%와 37.5%)에 비해 낮게 나타났다.