• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 2001

Sword bean belongs to the subgenus Canavalia in the genus Canavalia. White and reddish varieties in sword bean were tested to obtain the basic information for improving the yield, quality, and cultural environments through the quantitative growth analysis. Growing plants were sampled at intervals of 10 days from 20 days after sowing. Whole plant weight increased during the period of 11-20 days after sowing in both varieties. The weight of each organ between two varieties increased similarly except leaf area. Whole plant weight changed more close to pod weight than any other characters. The leaf areas of both varieties increased from 50 days after sowing, var. white displayed S type curved line but var. reddish displayed slow S type curved line. The SGR of whole plant weight in both varieties had 3 maxima and 2 minima, 3 maxima and first minimum were shown at the same period but the second minimum was shown at different period. Both varieties showed bimodal curved line. All SGR of each organ and leaf area were shown the 2 maxima and 1 minimum in both varieties. The changes of SLA and LAR were not remarkable between two varieties but these were united together with the maximum of whole plant weight and root weight. ULWR and ULWR were shown similar in both varieties. Reddish variety was more prosperous in early growth stage than white variety because SLA, LAR and LWR were high. In surplus weight, both varieties increased rapidly during the period of 111-120 days after sowing that was applicable to the maximum SGR of pod weight. Surplus weight of var. white increased markedly during the same period comparing those of var. reddish.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.398-404
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Concerns had been voiced about an oversupply of optometrists in Korea. So, this study aimed to forecast the supply and demand for opticians for policy implications. Methods: Baseline Projection model combined with demographic method was adopted as the supply forecasting method and so was a ratio method using the number of physician and population using weight of healthcare utilization. Results: Under the 'physician to optician ratio', there would be a surplus of 83~700 opticians in 2010 and an undersupply of 15 to surplus of 6,118 opticians in 2025. Under the 'population to optician ratio', there would be a surplus of 1,055 opticians in 2010 and surplus of 9,376 opticians in 2025. Conclusions: We concluded that there would be oversupply for opticians until 2025, although the shortage and surplus of opticians might depend on the ratio's criteria. Hence, policies would need to be developed that could solve the imbalance in requirements and supply for opticians.

• Information and Communications Magazine
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.505-524
• /
• 1987

Nowaday all the countries of the world have studied the various problems caused in operating their own ports efficiently. Ship delay in the port is attributal to the inefficient operation in the navigation aids, the cargo handling, the storage and transfer facilities, and to the inefficient allocation of gangs or to a bad service for ships. Among these elements the allocation of gangs is the predominating factor in minimizing ship's turn round time. At present, in the case of Pusan Port. the labour union and stevedoring companies allocate gangs in every hatches of ships by a rule of thumb, just placing emphasis on minimizing ship's turn round time, without applying the principle of allocation during the cargo handling. Owing to this the efficiency of the cargo handling could not be expected to be maximized and this unsystematic operation result in supplying human resources of much unnecessary surplus gangs. Therefore in this paper the optimal size and allocation of gangs for minimizing the ship's turn round time is studied and formularized. For the determination of the priority for allocation the evaluation function, namely $F=PHi^{n}{\times}(W+H)$, can be obtained; where, PHI : Principal Hatch Index W : Total Cargo Weight represented in Gang-Shifts H : Total Number of Ship's hatches and also for the optimal size of gangs the average number of gang allocated per shift (Ng), namely Ng=W/PHI, is used. The proposed algorithm is applied to Pusan Port and its validity is verified.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.21-47
• /
• 1987

Nowaday all the countries of the world have studied the various problems caused in operating their own ports efficiently. Ship delay in the port is attributal to the inefficient operation in the navigation aids, the cargo handling, the storage and transfer facilities, and to the inefficient allocation of gangs or to a bad service for ships. Among these elements the allocation of gangs is the predominating factor in minimizing ship's turn round time. At present, in the case of Pusan Port. the labour union and stevedoring companies allocate gangs in every hatches of ships by a rule of thumb, just placing emphasis on minimizing ship's turn round time, without applying the principle of allocation during the cargo handling. Owing to this the efficiency of the cargo handling could not be expected to be maximized and this unsystematic operation result in supplying human resources of much unnecessary surplus gangs. Therefore in this paper the optimal size and allocation of gangs for minimizing the ship's turn round time is studied and formularized. For the determination of the priority for allocation the evaluation function, namely $F=PHi^{n}{\times}(W+H)$, can be obtained; where, PHI : Principal Hatch Index W : Total Cargo Weight represented in Gang-Shifts H : Total Number of Ship's hatches and also for the optimal size of gangs the average number of gang allocated per shift (Ng), namely Ng=W/PHI, is used. The proposed algorithm is applied to Pusan Port and its validity is verified.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.4-9
• /
• 2013

Leptin, a 16-kDa cytokine, is secreted by adipose tissue in response to the surplus of fat store. Thereby, the brain is informed about the body's energy status. In the hypothalamus, leptin triggers specific neuronal subpopulations (e.g., POMC and NPY neurons) and activates several intracellular signaling events, including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and mTOR pathway, which eventually translates into decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure. Leptin signal is inhibited by a feedback inhibitory pathway mediated by SOCS3. PTP1B involves another inhibitory pathway of leptin. Leptin potently promotes fat mass loss and body weight reduction in lean subjects. However, it is not widely used in the clinical field because of leptin resistance, which is a common feature of obesity characterized by hyperleptinemia and the failure of exogenous leptin administration to provide therapeutic benefit in rodents and humans. The potential mechanisms of leptin resistance include the following: 1) increases in circulating leptin-binding proteins, 2) reduced transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier, 3) decreased leptin receptor-B (LRB), and/or 4) the provocation of processes that diminish cellular leptin signaling (inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, feedback inhibition, etc.). Thus, interference of the cellular mechanisms that attenuate leptin signaling improves leptin action in cells and animal models, suggesting the potential utility of these processes as points of therapeutic intervention. Various experimental trials and compounds that improve leptin resistance are introduced in this paper.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.577-586
• /
• 2000

The objectives of this study were to develope slacks basic block to be used for improving the attactive silhouette and bodily fitness in ready-to-wear and educational patterns. The subjects were from 20 to 24 years old and twenty six body measurements were taken on the National Anthropometric Survey of Korea in 1977. The women in 20's think ideal body shapes are high stature, long legs, slander waist, hip, abdomen, thigh, ankle and light weight. And so it needs to be studied to studied to make slacks pattern which show slander girth and long length. The study was carried out by the following procedures. 1. Through the comparative investigation on the conventional slacks patterns of System M. Muller & Sohn, Secolli, 文化's in Japan, and Won-ja Rim's and the clothing experiment, the characteristics of every four patterns were found. 2. According to the center back slant, reflecting the change of waist circumference, thigh circumference, back crotch length, and the new suitable slacks pattern was achieved. 3. The sensory evaluation for appearance and comfort was applied to evaluate the new slacks pattern by comparing with the conventional slacks pattern. From the result of the sensory evaluation, it was found that the new slacks pattern was more suitable for appearance. 4. The new slacks pattern for women in their 20's were developed as follows ; The waist line came down 2 ㎝, the waist circumference was plus 2㎝ than originally, and the back hip circumference was larger 1 ㎝ than the front hip, the slacks length was created stature/8×4.9, the knee length was stature/8×2.7. The center back crotch length was interspaced 1∼1.5㎝ at the center front, and was at right angle the point which was raised 5㎝ at the side front. This size is not the absolute size but it helps to make the surplus on any other ready-made slacks for women.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.235-240
• /
• 2014

Ethylene glycol (EG) has been successfully used as a cryoprotectant for vitrification of mammalian embryos (including human embryos) due to its low formula weight and high permeation into cells compared with other cryoprotectants, including propylene glycol (PROH). Cryopreservation is able to store the surplus pre-embryos for freezing and furthermore thawing and transfer in a subsequent cycle. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of embryonic stage, cryoprotectant, and freezing-thawing method on the rates of survival and development of the cryopreserved mouse early embryo and finally to establish the cryopreservation method of surplus embryos obtained during assisted reproductive technology (ART). Female ICR mice (6~8 weeks old) were induced to superovulate by sequential intraperitoneal injection of 5 IU PMSG and 5 IU hCG 48 h apart. Mouse embryos were collected according to its developmental stage after the injection of hCG. Embryos were cryopreserved not only during cryoprotectant step (1~4 step) but also in a variety of media (HTF, IVF medium, D-PBS) and cell stage. The results were as follows : There is no clear advantage in these freezing media of rapid method, but 4 cell and 8 cell of slow method (2, 3 and 4 step) have advantage in D-PBS. The development of embryos according to cell stage become greater in 8 cell stage. In the treatment steps of cryopreservation, the development of embryo to blastocyst was similar among rapid method, but the development of 4 cell and 8 cell embryos to blastocyst according to slow method was better than rapid method.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.378-385
• /
• 2002

Growth of Pacific oystey, Crassostrea gigas, in Kamak Bay, Korea was modeled using Von Bertalanffy growth function, seasonal Von Bertalanffy growth function and generalized growth equation of Schnute and Richards' growth model, based on shell length and wet weight frequency data of 9208 oysters. Carrying capacity in the oyster culture ground was also estimated using Schaefer's and Fox's surplus production model. The present results suggest that the generalized growth equation of Schnute and Richards' model is fitter to describe the length growth pattern of C. gigas than Von Bertalanffy growth functions. This results also suggest that the current number of culture facility per unit area in 2000 is similar to the number of facility that produces the maximum production of oyster per unit area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 1979

Spread factors were tried to determine the diameter of airborne droplet emitted: from the sprayer by the measurements of airborne droplet diameter emitted from the uniform size droplet producer and impression diameter on Kromekote card or Eucalypt's leaf in the different dilute concentration with Geigy Red Herbicide Dye from 0.5% to 2% by weight. The results abtained were as follows; The general form of the equation in the relationship between airborne droplet and impression diameter on Kromekote card or Eucalypt's leaf was an exponential equation as follows; $$Y=aX^b$$ which gave a linear relation on log-log graph paper. The spread factor seemed to be larger in the thin dilute concentration than in the thick dilute concentration. The spread factor was remarkably smaller on Eucalypt's leaf than on Kromekote card due to the penetration of liquid into the leaf and the stomata of the epidermis. The calculated equation of the mean depth of the droplet sprayed on Eucalypt's leaf was the same form as $Y=aX^b$, which implied that the spray liquid was distributed in surplus in accordance with the diameter of the droplet larger than the optimum size droplet to control insect and disease.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2023

Concentration of nitrogen, one of the major elements, and ratio of two nitrogen forms (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-) in the nutrient solution affect the quality and food safety of fresh vegetable produce. This study was conducted to find an appropriate strength and NH₄⁺:NO₃^- ratio of a nutrient solution for growth and development of a Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longiflora) 'Caesar Green', a representative leafy vegetable, grown in a home hydroponic system. In the first experiment, plants were grown using three types of nutrient solution: A commercial nutrient solution (Peters) and two strengths (GNU1 and GNU2) of a multipurpose nutrient solution (GNU solution) developed in a Gyeongsang National University lab. Plants grown with the GNU1 and GNU2 had greater shoot length, leaf length and width, and biomass yield than Peters. On the other hand, the root hairs of plants grown with Peters were short and dark in color. Tissue NH₄⁺ content in the Peters was higher than that of the GNU1 and GNU2. The higher contents of NH₄⁺ in this solution may have caused ammonium toxicity. In the second experiment, eight treatment solutions, combining GNU1 and GNU2 solutions with four ratios of NO₃^- :NH₄⁺ named as 1, 2, 3 and 4 were used. Both experiments showed more growth in the GNU2 group, which had a relatively low ionic strength of the nutrient solution. The growth of Romaine lettuce showed the greatest fresh weight along with low tissue NO₃^- content in the GNU2-2. This was more advantageous in terms of food safety in that it suppressed the accumulation of surplus NO₃^- in tissues due to the low ionic trength of the GNU2 subgroup. In addition, this is preferable in that it can reduce the absolute amount of the input of inorganic nutrients to the nutrient solution.