• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.585-595
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• 1997

Removal of subgingival calculus is essential for the success in periodontal treatment. Subgingival instrumentation is used for the removal of all bacterial plaque and calculus. In this study, two types of anterior curet were used on ant. teeth to conduct subgingival scaling and root planing. The remaining amount of calculus was evaluated according to type of instrument, depth of pocket, and tooth surface. 24 teeth extracted from patients being treated at Dan Kook University dept. Perio. were used. 4 surfaces per tooth a total of 96 areas were evaluated. 12 teeth treated with Gracey No. 1-2 was used as the control group and 12 teeth treated with Mini-five curet No. 1-2 was the experimental group. The 4 surfaces of the teeth {buccal, mesial, lingual or palatal, distal) were observed under a stereomicroscope and the images were captured 3 times per surfaced with a CCD. The image were observed on the monitor using a $10{\times]10$ grid produced with the Microsoft power point. The amount of calculus remaining was evaluated 3 times per surface. The results were as follows. 1. There was no significant difference in remaining calculus according to the pre-treatment pocket depth, and tooth position{Mx. or Mn). 2. The Mini-five curet showed better results than the Gracey curet but there was no statistically significant difference. 3. In both Gracey curet group and Mini-five curet group the lingual(or palatal) surface showed significant difference compared to the other surfaces(p<0.05). From the results above, it is thought that when treating ant. teeth consideration of the tooth surface is more important than the choice of instrument.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.35-47
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• 1996

포텐셜을 기저로 하는 판요소법을 사용하여 자유 표면이 존재하는 유동장에서 일정 속도로 전진하는 3차원 물체의 형상을 설계하였다. 설계 방법으로는 원하는 압력 분포를 경계 조건으로 부여하고 이를 만족하는 물체 형상을 찾아내는 역해석법(inverse method)을 사용하였다. 즉, 주어진 압력으로부터 물체 표면에 분포된 법선 다이폴의 세기인 포텐셜 값을 결정하게 되며, 이는 물체 표면에 대한 Dirichlet형태의 경계 조건으로서 Green의 정리로부터 유도된 적분 방정식을 해석하게 된다. 전체 속도 포텐셜은 기본 유동인 선속에 대한 성분과 선제에 의하여 교란되는 성분으로 구성되어진다고 가정하였으며, 교란 포텐셜을 사용하여 선형화된 자유 표면 경계 조건을 적용하였다. 적분 방정식에 대한 수치 해석을 위해 물체 표면에 법선 다이폴과 Rankine 쏘오스를 분포하였으며, 자유 표면에는 Rankine 쏘오스를 분포하고 4점 유한 차분법을 사용하여 자유 표면 경계 조건이 만족되도록 하였다. 해로서 얻어지는 각 판요소에서의 Rankine 쏘오스의 세기는 가상의 유동 출입량으로서 형상 수정항으로 사용되었다. 몰수 회전 타원체의 형상 설계에 대하여 본 설계법을 적용한 결과 무한 수심에서나 조파 상태에서 $4{\sim}6$회의 반복 계산으로 충분히 수렴된 해를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 자유 표면을 가르고 전진하는 Wigley 수학적 선형에 대한 형상 설계를 수행하여 만족스러운 결과를 얻어내었으며, 얻어진 수치해는 매우 안정적이고 빠른 수렴성을 보였다. 선형의 우열 비교를 통해 조파 저항을 감소시킬 수 있는 압력 분포의 형태를 파악하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 조파 저항의 관점에서의 5500TEU급 콘테이너 운반선의 설계를 수행하였다. 설계되어진 새로운 선형은 조파 저항의 관점에서 기존의 선형보다 계산과 실험에서 모두 우수하게 개량된 것으로 나타났다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 1996

목적 : 6 MV x-선의 선형가속기를 이용하여 두경부종양환자를 치료시에 피부표면의 종양에 균일한 선량을 부여하기 위하여 조직등가물질로 산란판을 제작하여 산란판의 두께와 위치에 따라 조직의 표면선량과 최대선량지 점을 측정하였다. 방법 : 조직등가물질인 폴리스틸렌으로 산란판을 제작하여 가속기의 콜리메터와 피부사이에 부착하여 조사면, 산란판의 두께 및 피부와의 간격에 따라 피부표면 선량과 최대선량지점을 측정하여 측정결과는 최대선량 대 표면선량비(BUR-1)로 표시하였으며 불균등 표면보상에 사용하는 조직등가 볼러스에 의한 선량분포변화를 측정하여 산란판과 비교하였다. 결과 : 6 MV x-선 선형가속기와 피부사이에 산란판을 설치하여 피부선량이 증가되었으며 산란판의 위치에 따라 피부선량이 변화되었고 최대선량지점은 피부표면쪽으로 이동하였다. 최대 선량지점은 피부하 1.5 cm 깊이에서 최대선량이 투여되고 피부쪽으로 선량이 급속히 감소되어 1cm 두께의 산란판을 사용한 경우 피부간의 거리가 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 cm로 증가하였을때 최대선량지점은 피부표면으로 부터 5, 10.2, 12.3, 13.9, 14.8 mm로 증가되었다. 결론 : 6 MV x-선을 이용하여 두경부종양을 치료할 경우 산란판을 이용하여 이차산란전자를 피부표면 앞에서 발생시킴으로써 피부의 선량이 증가되어 최대선량지점은 피부표면으로 이동 시킴으로써 종양부위에 균일한 선량을 부여시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1227-1233
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• 2008

The effect of freeze drying and fixatives in post-treating freeze drying on the morphological properties of the rose (Rosa hybrida L.) petal were investigated for the production of high quality of freeze dried rose. The morphology including form and color of the dried flowers of cut rose were depended on the drying methods. The drying time was extended due to their density and water content, and was shorter in the freeze drying than that in the natural and hot air drying. Freeze dried process for dried flowers took 2 days in a freeze dryer and did not cause shrinkage or toughening of rose petal being dried, preserving its natural shape and color. The diameter of freeze dried flowers showed little reduction compared to fresh flowers. In Hunter color values of petals of freeze dried flowers, L and a values were high and showed little variations in comparison to fresh petals. Freeze drying led to a noticeable increase in anthocyanin contents in petals, suggesting that anthocyanin contents play an important role in the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Exposure of flowers to freeze drying was accompanied by an increase in the carotenoid content. In the post-treating freeze drying, epoxy resin, a fixative, applied alone or in combination to petals of freeze dried flowers showed efficient coating for the protection from humidity and sunlight. Combined application of epoxy and acetone to freeze dried petals permitted maintenance of natural color and excellent tissue morphology, showing color stability and shiny texture in surface of petals. These findings suggest that application of fixatives to freeze dried rose petals improves the floral preservation and epoxy coating provides good quality in the freeze dried flower product.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.489-494
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• 2016

Carbon-based sorbents such as biochar and activated carbon have been proven to be cost-effective in removing pollutants containing heavy metals from wastewater. The aim of this study was using batch experiment to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of heavy metals in single-metal conditions onto reed biochar for treating wastewater containing heavy metals. The removal rates of heavy metals were in the order of Pb > $Cu{\fallingdotseq}Cd{\fallingdotseq}Zn$, showing the adsorption efficiency of Pb was higher than the other heavy metals. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to model the equilibrium adsorption data obtained from adsorption of Pb on reed biochar. For reed biochar, the Langmuir model provided a slightly better fit than the Freundlich model. Lead was observed on the biochar surface after adsorption by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The main functional groups of reed biochar were aromatic carbons. Overall, the results suggested that reed biochar could be useful adsorbent for treating wastewater containing Pb.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2009

지형도를 이용하여 전국 주요하천의 홍수터 면적을 조사하였고, 원판형 부압침투계를 이용하여 홍수터 토양의 투수특성을 조사하였다. 문헌조사와 불포화 흐름해석용 코드를 이용하여 홍수터에서 도시하수의 2차 처리수에 대한 토양처리의 가능성도 평가하였다. 이들 자료를 바탕으로 우리나라의 홍수터여과 용량을 산정하였다. 연구결과 우리나라의 홍수터는 토양여과에 적합한 표층토를 가지며, 하천연장 전체에 걸쳐 홍수터가 골고루 분포되어 있어서 홍수터여과가 하수의 추가처리로 활용되기에 유리한 여건임을 알 수 있었다. 우리나라 전체의 홍수터여과 용량은 약 182,000,000 $m^3$/day이고, 대부분의 하천들은 2차 처리수를 모두 홍수터여과를 통해 추가적으로 처리할 수 있을 것으로 계산되어 이 공법을 적용할 경우 하천수질이 개선 될 것이라고 기대한다. 또한, 본 공법은 상수원수의 수질개선에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2004

In this paper, oyster shell, diatomaceous earth, and active carbon were used as filter media for treating wastewater produced in paper mills. After filtering, the changes of COD and turbidity were investigated. As the results of estimating the efficiency of wasterwater treatment, porous oyster shell having higher specific surface area in powder was more effective than the others in removal of contaminants in waterwater, especially turbidity.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.142-147
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• 1998

Rotary bending fatigue tests were carried out on the nitrided titanium in order to investigate the effect of nitriding layer on fatigue limit. Main results obtained are as follows. (1) The fatigue limit of nitrided pure titanium is remarkably reduced because of enlargement of grain size at high heat treating temperature and high stress field created from the elastic interaction in the compound layer. (2) Further test using specimen which was removed nitrified layer gradually, were also conducted and it was found that by removing the compound layer the fatigue limit recovered as the level of basic material and rather increased by coming of a diffusion layer. Therefore it is concluded that the surface compound layer generated by nitriding treatment reduced the fatigue limit but diffusion layer increased it.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1853-1858
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• 2004

This paper presents the development of a full order sliding mode controller for tracking problem of a class of uncertain dynamical system, in particular, the direct drive robot manipulators. By treating the arm as an uncertain system represented by its nominal and bounded parametric uncertainties, a new robust fullorder sliding mode tracking controller is derived such that the actual trajectory tracks the desired trajectory as closely as possible despite the non-linearities and input couplings present in the system. A proportional-integral sliding surface is chosen to ensure the stability of overall dynamics during the entire period i.e. the reaching phase and the sliding phase. Application to a three DOF direct drive robot manipulator is considered.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1371-1381
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• 1995

A novel hybrid control scheme to actively control the endpoint position of a very flexible single-link manipulator is proposed. The control scheme consists of a motor mounted at the beam hub and a piezofilm actuator bonded to the surface of the flexible link. The control torque of the motor to produce a desired motion is firstly determined by employing the sliding mode control theory on the equation of motion of the rigid link having the same mass as that of the proposed flexible link. The torque is then applied to the flexible manipulator in order to activate the commanded motion. During the motion, undesirable oscillation is actively suppressed by applying a feedback control voltage to the piezofilm actuator. Consequently, the imposed desired position is accomplished. In order to demonstrate high control performances accrued from the proposed method, computer simulations are undertaken by treating both regulating and tracking control problems.