• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 축산자원화물을 농지에 주입 시 유출 및 침출에 의하여 삭감되는 축분자원화물의 전환율을 산정하고자 실험실 시험을 실시하여 조사 및 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 강우강도의 증가에 따라 농지로부터 유출유량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 침투수의 유량은 강우강도 20mm/hr 미만에서는 강우의 대부분이 지하로 침투하였으며, 32.4mm/hr 이상의 강우강도에서는 5.0L로서 거의 유사하거나, 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 토양의 구성성분과 다짐의 정도가 유사할 경우 표면유출은 강우강도의 크기에 의존함을 알 수 있었다. 액비를 시비한 경우, 표면유출수의 유량은 퇴비를 시비한 반응조와 거의 유사하였으며, 침투수의 유량은 퇴비 시비시보다 작게 나타났다. 오염물질의 항목에 따른 농지유출비는 BOD가 0.00003, $COD_{cr}$은 0.00006, TN은 0.00056, TP는 0.00011, 그리고 TOC는 0.00005로서 항목에 따라 다소 차이가 있었다. 특히, TN 유출비는 타 항목에 비하여 10배 이상의 높은 값을 보였다. 한편, SS의 경우 농지유출비는 0.001로 매우 높게 나타났는데, 이는 시비된 오염물질의 유출이라기보다는 토양자체의 미세한 콜로이드성 입자의 유출에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 32.4~57.1mm/hr의 모든 강우강도를 고려할 때, 자원화물이 농지에서 삭감되는 농지 삭감비는 BOD의 경우 퇴비는 94.9~98.4%, 액비는 85.8~98.1%의 높은 범위를 보였다. TN은 퇴비의 경우 96.6~98.4%의 범위를 보였으며, 액비의 농지 삭감율은 97.2~98.5%의 범위로서 대부분의 자원화물이 농지에서 삭감되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.2-11
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• 2006

In the processes of hydrological cycle, when precipitation reaches the ground surface, water may become surface runoff or infiltrate into soil and then possibly further percolate into groundwater aquifer. A part of the water is returned to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Soil moisture dynamics driven climate fluctuations plays a key role in the simulation of water transfer among ground surface, unsaturated zone and aquifer. In this study, a one-layer canopy and a four-layer soil representation is used for a coupled soil-vegetation modeling scheme. A non-zero hydraulic diffusivity between the deepest soil layer modeled and groundwater table is used to couple the numerical equations of soil moisture and groundwater dynamics. Simulation of runoff generation is based on the mechanism of both infiltration excess overland flow and saturation overland flow nested in a numerical model of soil moisture dynamics. Thus, a comprehensive hydrological model integrating canopy, soil zone and aquifer has been developed to evaluate water resources in the plain region of Huaihe River basin in East China and simulate water transfer among precipitation, surface water, soil moisture and groundwater. The newly developed model is capable of calculating hydrological components of surface runoff, evapotranpiration from soil and aquifer, and groundwater recharge from precipitation and discharge into rivers. Regional parameterization is made by using two approaches. One is to determine most parameters representing specific physical values on the basis of characterization of soil properties in unsaturated zone and aquifer, and vegetations. The other is to calibrate the remaining few parameters on the basis of comparison between measured and simulated streamflow and groundwater tables. The integrated modeling system was successfully used in the Linhuanji catchment of Huaihe plain region. Study results demonstrate that (1) on the average 14.2% of precipitation becomes surface runoff and baseflow during a ten-year period from 1986 to 1995 and this figure fluctuates between only 3.0% in drought years of 1986, 1988, 1993 and 1994 to 24.0% in wet year of 1991; (2) groundwater directly deriving from precipitation recharge is about 15.0% t of the precipitation amount, and (3) about half of the groundwater recharge flows into rivers and loses through evaporation.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.34-34
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• 2012

Heavy storms rainfall has caused many landslides and slope failures especially in the mountainous area of the world. Landslides and slope failures are common geologic hazards and posed serious threats and globally cause billions in monetary losses and thousands of casualies each year so that studies on slope stability and its failure mechanism under rainfall are being increasing attention of these days. Rainfall-induced slope failures are generally caused by the rise in ground water level, and increase in pore water pressures and seepage forces during periods of intense rainfall. The effective stress in the soil will be decreased due to the increased pore pressure, which thus reduces the soil shear strength, eventually resulting in slope failure. During the rainfall, a wetting front goes downward into the slope, resulting in a gradual increase of the water content and a decrease of the negative pore-water pressure. This negative pore-water pressure is referred to as matric suction when referenced to the pore air pressure that contributes to the stability of unsaturated soil slopes. Therefore, the importance is the study of saturated unsaturated soil behaviors in evaluation of slope stability under heavy rainfall condition. In an actual field, a series of failures may occur in a slope due to a rainfall event. So, this study attempts to develop a numerical model to investigate this failure mechanism. A two-dimensional seepage flow model coupled with a one-dimensional surface flow and erosion/deposition model is used for seepage analysis. It is necessary to identify either there is surface runoff produced or not in a soil slope during a rainfall event, while analyzing the seepage and stability of such slopes. Runoff produced by rainfall may result erosion/deposition process on the surface of the slope. The depth of runoff has vital role in the seepage process within the soil domain so that surface flow and erosion/deposition model computes the surface water head of the runoff produced by the rainfall, and erosion/deposition on the surface of the model slope. Pore water pressure and moisture content data obtained by the seepage flow model are then used to analyze the stability of the slope. Spencer method of slope stability analysis is incorporated into dynamic programming to locate the critical slip surface of a general slope.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2012

Most of the roads are paved with impermeable materials such as asphalt concrete and cement concrete, and in the event of heavy rainfall, rainwater directly flows into river through a drainage hole on the pavement surface. This large quantity of rainwater directly spilled into the river frequently leads to the flooding of urban streams, damaging lowlands and the lower reaches of a river. In recent years there has been a great deal of ongoing research concerning water permeability and drainage in pavements. Accordingly, in this research, a porous polymer concrete was developed for permeable pavement by using unsaturated polyester resin as a binder, recycled aggregate as coarse aggregate, fly ash and blast furnace slag as filler, and its physical and mechanical properties were investigated. Also, 3 types of permeable polymer block by optimum mix design were developed and rainfall runoff reduction effects by permeability pavement using permeable polymer block were analyzed based on hydraulic experimental model. The infiltration volume, infiltration ratio, runoff initial time and runoff volume in permeability pavement with permeable polymer block of $300{\times}300{\times}80$ mm were evaluated for 50, 100 and 200mm/hr rainfall intensity.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.223-234
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• 2001

In this study, we conducted a survey to examine the runoff characteristics of nonpoint sources, which wash off pollutants from the surface of basin during rainfall and affect water pollution of streams. An Anyangchun basin in the region Ewiwang City was selected as a study site. The basin divided into several subbasins such as Wanggokchun, Ojeonchun, and Anyangchun based on the tributaries, which confluence to the main stream of Anyangchun. Four times of field examination had been carried out between July and August of 2000, and water quality data collected from the surveys had been analysed. The survey includes in-situ flow, DO and PH measurements in the outlet of catchment. Laboratory analysis includes BOD, TN, TP. From the result, pollutant by runoff of nonpoint sources were washed out along with stormwater in the beginning of rainfall, and flowed into streams resulted in stream pollution. In case of BOD, the load from Ojeonchun catchment, most of which included urban areas, took up 50% of the total load from the entire watershed. Thus, by the results, it is clear that runoff load by urban nonpoint sources plays an important role in the control and management of nonpoint sources for the watershed.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.231-235
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• 2004

To investigate removal effects of nutrients in stormwater runoff by soil of riparian protection zone, soil column experiment was conducted for 20 months. Artificial stormwater runoff containing phosphate and nitrate was applied on the surface of soil column twice a week, and phosphate and nitrate concentrations were measured from the leached water. Soil of riparian protection zone reduced the released amount of infiltrated water to the surrounding water. After infiltration of 1m depth of soil column, average removal rates of phosphate and nitrate were 97.7 % and 74.7 %, respectively. As main mechanisms of phosphate are adsorption to soil particle and utilization by plants, periodical replacement of soil and harvesting of plant at the end of growing season are required. For the removal of nutrients in stormwater runoff by the soil layer, soil of riparian protection zone has higher hydraulic conductivity to infiltrate stormwater. Sandy soil having hydraulic conductivity of about $1{\times}10^{-2}cm/s$ range might be appropriate for this purpose.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2021

일반적으로 도심지에서의 유출은 도로 노면을 따라 유출되어 빗물받이를 통해 우수관거로 배수된다. 따라서 적절한 도로 배수능력의 평가는 도로와 빗물받이 뿐만 아니라 우수관거의 설계에서도 필수적이다. 하지만 도시 도로부의 지형학적 및 수리학적 조건을 반영한 흐름해석 방안에 대한 명확한 기준이 제시되어 있지 못한 실정이다. 그러므로 기존에 적용되던 흐름해석 모형(등류/ 부등류) 및 도달시간 산정방법 (임계/고정)을 분석하여 최적의 도로의 흐름해석 방안이 제시되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 도로 표면 흐름해석을 위한 알고리즘을 개발하고 등류와 부등류 흐름해석 모형 및 도달시간 산정방법을 매개변수로 적용한 수치적 분석을 수행하여 다양한 도로조건에서의 강우 유출특성을 모의하였다. 도로조건은 국내의 설계기준을 고려하여 2차선 도로의 폭 (6 m)과 경사 (도로 종경사 1 - 10%, 도로 노면경사 2% 및 측구 횡경사 2 - 10%)가 고려되었다. 또한, 도로 표면의 흐름은 노면경사를 따라 측구에서 차집되어 하류부의 빗물받이를 통해 배수되도록 하였으며, 측구의 폭은 0.5 m로 선정하였다. 모의 결과 도로의 유출특성은 도로 경사 조건에 따라 민감하게 변화하였으며, 부등류 해석모형이 도로의 하류부로 강우가 차집되며 변화하는 측구부에서의 유출특성을 반영하여 등류 흐름해석 모형에 비해 최대 23.66%, 평균 11.80% 긴 도달시간과 최대 9.50%, 평균 4.73% 작은 도로 표면 총 유출량을 나타냈다. 따라서, 우수 유출량을 산정하기 위하여 도달시간을 강우의 지속시간으로 반영하는 임계지속시간을 적용한 부등류 흐름해석을 수행하는 것이 적합하다고 판단되었다. 개발된 알고리즘은 다양한 흐름해석 기법을 통합하여 도로 노면에서의 유출특성을 정밀하게 모의하고 있으므로 도로의 배수 설계에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.285-300
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• 2003

기상레이더와 지형정보 시스템을 이용한 홍수사상에 기초하고, 운동역학적이며, 초과강우가 고려된 분포형 강우-유출 유역모형이 개발되었다. 이 유역모형에서 강우로 인한 지표면 유출 및 지표면 흐름과 관련된 각종 변수의 공간적 변동성과 불확실성을 인식하고 설명한다. 개발된 모형은 래스터 지형정보시스템과 공간적ㆍ시간적으로 변하는 강우자료와 호환된다. 몬테칼로 모의와 우도값이 이 모형의 검정을 위하여 이용되었으며, 검정 모형으로부터 반응되는 시스템의 가능범위가 허용되었다. 레이더-강우 추정에 대한 보정으로 강우계가 이용되고, 복잡한 토지이용 상태인 미국 덴버시 도시배수홍수조절 구역내에 있는 두 개 유역들(Ralston Creek와 Goldsmith Gulch 유역)의 제한된 기왕 홍수사상에 이 모형이 적용되었다. 제한된 수의 몬테칼로 모의들과 고려된 홍수사상들을 근거로 관측수문곡선과 계산수문곡선을 비교하여, Nash와 Sutcliffe 효율점수의 범위를 얻게 되었으며, 그 범위는 Ralston Creek과 Goldsmith Gulch 유역에 대한 검정모형들로부터 각각 -0.19∼0.95와 -0.75∼0.81이다. 또 한, Ralston Creek과 Goldsmith Gulch 유역의 Nash와 Sutcliffe 효율점수는 유출용적에 대해 각각 0.88과 0.1, 첨두유량에 대해 0.14와 0.71, 첨두유량 도달시간에 대해 0.99와 0.95로 평가되었다.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표대회 발표논문집
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• pp.159-162
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• 2002

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2002