• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.19-26
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• 2003

The dispersion of recycled particulates in the complex coastal terrain containing Kangnung city, Korea was investigated using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). The results show that particulates at the surface of the city that float to the top of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) are then transported along the eastern slope of the mountains with the passage of sea breeze and nearly reach the top of the mountains. Those particulates then disperse eastward at this upper level over the coastal sea and finally spread out over the open sea. Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration near the surface of Kangnung city is very low. At night, synoptic scale westerly winds intensify due to the combined effect of the synoptic scale wind and land breeze descending the eastern slope of the mountains toward the coast and further seaward. This increase in speed causes development of internal gravity waves and a hydraulic jump up to a height of about 1km above the surface over the city. Particulate matter near the top of the mountains also descends the eastern slope of the mountains during the day, reaching the central city area and merges near the surface inside the nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) with a maximum ground level concentration of TSP occurring at 0300 LST. Some particulates were dispersed following the propagation area of internal gravity waves and others in the NSIL are transported eastward to the coastal sea surface, aided by the land breeze. The following morning, particulates dispersed over the coastal sea from the previous night, tend to return to the coastal city of Kangnung with the sea breeze, developing a recycling process and combine with emitted surface particulates during the morning. These processes result in much higher TSP concentration. In the late morning, those particulates float to the top of the TIBL by the intrusion of the sea breeze and the ground level TSP concentration in the city subsequently decreases.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 1997

The freezing phenomenon of saturated water with the supercooled region in a horizontal circular cylinder has been studied experimentally by using the holographic real time interferometry technique. From the experiments, it was found that there were three types of freezing patterns. The first is the annular ice layer growing from the cylinder surface at a high cooling rate; the next is the asymmetric ice layer at a moderate cooling rate; and the last is the instantaneous ice layer growth over the full region at lower cooling rate. As the water was coolde from room temperature to the subfreezing point passing through the density inversion point, the freezing pattern was largely affected by the inversion phenomenon, which had much effected the free convection and was susceptible to influences from the cooling rate. When the cooling rate is high, supercooling energy is released before the water is sufficientry mixed by free convection. On the other hand, when the cooling rate is low, there is much time for the water to be mixed by free convection. This seems to be the reason why the different ice layer growths occur.

• 대기
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.207-224
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• 2008

Severe downslope windstorms observed at Gangneung, Korea in the springtime during the last 30 years are studied to understand their generation mechanisms. 92 severe wind cases are selected for which the maximum instantaneous wind speeds exceed two standard deviation of total mean plus ($18.7ms^{-1}$). They are categorized into the three mechanisms (hydraulic jump, partial reflection, and critical-level reflection) proposed in previous studies based on the flow condition, which is calculated using the wind and temperature profile observed at one upstream rawinsonde station, Osan. Among the three, partial reflection is found to be the most frequent mechanism for the last 30 years (1976 - 2005). To understand the role of inversion in generating severe downslope windstorms, horizontal velocity perturbation was calculated analytically for the atmosphere with an inversion layer. It turned out that the intensity of downslope wind was increased by inversion layer of specific heights, which are well matched with the observations. For better understanding the generation mechanisms, two-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted for the 92 severe wind cases using the ARPS model. In most simulations, surface wind speed exceeds the value of the severe-wind criterion, and each simulated case can be explained by its own generation mechanism. However, in most simulations, the simulated surface wind speed is larger than the observed, due to ignoring the flow-splitting effect in the two-dimensional framework.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

최근 들어 토목관련 천부층 조사에 다중 모드 표면파 위상 속도의 역산이 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 감도 분석, 그리고 합성탄성파자료와 현장자료의 역산 결과는 이 방법이 기본 모드만을 이용하는 것에 비해 매우 효과적임을 보여주고 있다. 이중 모드 레일리 파의 위상속도들에서 층의 두께와 전단파 속도에서의 조그만 변화는 고차 모드의 감도들을 (a) 다른 주파수 대역들에 모이게 하고 (b) 심도가 깊어질수록 기본 모드보다도 더 크게 한다. 이 관찰을 통해 다중 모드 위상 속도 역산을 이용하면 기본 모드 자료들만의 역산에 비해 변수값들을 더 잘 구분해 낼 수 있고 깊은 구조, 특히 속도 역전이 일어난 구조에 대해 보다 나은 영상을 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 20 m 깊이에 저속도층이 존재하는 모델에서 이론적인 위상 속도들의 역산은 1차 모드만 첨가될 때 단지 연암층만을 영상화할 수 있다. 이 사실은 측정 가능한 가장 낮은 주파수가 단지 6 Hz 일 때 특히 중요하다. 현장시험들이 시추공과 PS 검층을 이용하여 조사된 지역들에서 행해졌다. 첫 번째 지역에서는 일본에서 심부 지질조사에 주로 이용되는 microtremor 배열 탐사가 35 m 깊이까지 토양층을 탐사하기 위해 사용되었다. 두 번째 지역에서는 12 m 깊이까지 조사하기 위해 sledgehammer 음원과 선형 다중 채널 수진기 전개를 이용하여 자료가 얻어졌다. 분산곡선 분석을 위해서 주파수-파수 파워 스펙트럼법이 사용되었고 각각의 시험에서 2차 모드의 속도까지 구해졌다. 다중 모드 역산 결과는 PS 검층기록과 잘 일치한다. 하지만 단지 기본 모드만을 이용하여 얻어진 결과는 매립지 아래의 천부 연암층까지의 깊이를 매우 작게 평가하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 1983

1965년부터 1979년까지의 해양관측자료를 사용하여 우리나라 남해에서 일어나는 수온역전현상을 조사하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 역전현상은 여름보다 겨울에 6배정도 많이 일어난다. 2) 겨울의 경우, 남해 서부해역에서는 수온역전이 모든 수심에서 골고루 일어나는 반면, 동부해역에서는 주로 표층에서 일어난다. 3) 여름의 경우, 서부해역에서는 역전층이 주로 수온약층 아래에 형성되는 반면, 동부해역에서는 주로 표층에 형성된다. 겨울의 역전현상은 기본적으로는 표면 냉각효과에 의해서 생기는 것으로 생각된다. 다만, 서부와 동부해역에서 역전층이 형성되는 수심에 차이가 있는 것은 쓰시마난류 영향의 정도가 양해역에서 크게 다르기 때문이라고 보여진다. 여름의 경우 서부해역에서는 쓰시마난류와 황해 저층냉수가 수온약층 밑에서 혼합되는 과정에서 생기는 것으로 보이고, 동부해역에서는 보다 수온이 낮은 물이 표층을 따라 유입하기 때문에 일어나는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
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• pp.370-371
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• 2007

To investigate the ZnO thin films which are interested in the next generation of short wavelength LEDs and Lasers and UV photodetector with p-type inversion layer, the ZnO thin films were deposited by. RF sputtering system. Substrate temperature and work pressure is $100^{\circ}C$ and 15 mTorr, respectively, and the purity of ZnO target is 5N. The ZnO thin films were deposited at $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, and $400^{\circ}C$. For sample deposited at $300^{\circ}C$, we observed full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.240 and good surface morphology.

• 지구물리
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.233-245
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• 2002

이 연구에서는 표면파의 분산 특성을 지반 공학에 적용하여 비파괴 시험으로 강성도 프로파일(stiffness profile of shear)를 얻는 방법인 표면파 기법(SASW, spectral analysis of surface waves)의 효율적이고 경제적인 역산을 수행하기 위하여 해석적으로 자코비안을 도출하였다. 표면파 기법은 지하구조를 균질한 수평 층으로 가정하여 레일리 파의 파장 대 위상 속도 관계인 분산 곡선으로부터 레일리 파와 전단파 간의 속도 비례 관계를 이용하여 지하 천부의 전단파 속도 구조를 파악하는 방법이다. 해석적으로 자코비안 식을 유도하여 역산을 수행하므로서 수치적으로 자코비안을 구해 역산을 수행하는 방법에 비해 지하구조를 N개의 수평 층으로 나누었을 때 계산 시간을 2N 배 빠르게 역산을 수행할 수 있었다. 차분 전개를 통한 이론 분산 곡선 응답 반응 알고리즘으로 이론분산 곡선을 구한 후 해석적으로 도출한 자코비안을 이용하여 제한 조건을 가한 감쇠 최소 자승법을 이용하여 이론 모형에 대한 반응 양상을 검토, 고찰하여 타당성을 검증하였다. 물리적 특성을 직접 확인할 수 있었던 현장의 도로 포장체에 대해 적용하므로서 현장 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 표면파 기법의 응용으로 터널의 숏크리트 두께 및 배면의 전단파 주상도를 얻을 수 있었고 이로부터 터널의 건전성 평가를 내릴 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 1994

A special upper-air observation including airsonde and pibal observations was performed to investigate the characteristics features of the vertical distribution of the meteorological elements over Taegu on a selected clear day of each season from October 1991 to August 1992. The diurnal and seasonal variations of the vertical profiles of air temperature and mixing ratio were obtained from airsonde observations and wind speed and direction from pibal observations. The results of these special upper-air observations are as follow : The diurnal variation of the vertical distribution of air temperature reveals the characteristic features associated with the atmospheric boundary layer. All case days, except for the summer season, show upper-level inversion layer which influenced by surface high, and surface inversion layer produced by radiative cooling. The diurnal variation of mixing ratio shows the maximum vale at 1500 LST in both the upper and low levels, and is larger on the lower level than the upper level. The mixing ratio of the lower level is larger than that of the upper level. On the average the mixing ratio decrease with the height, and is the wettest on the summer case day and the driest on the winter case day. The diurnal variation of the wind velocity and direction are variable in the lower level with time and height, while they are steady in the upper level. On the average, the wind direction is southerly or southeasterly for the summer case day, westerly or northwesterly for the spring and fall case days, and northerly or northwesterly for the winter case day.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.721-731
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• 2004

The dispersion of suspended particulates in the coastal complex terrain of mountain-inland basin (city)-sea, considering their recycling was investigated using three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). Convective boundary layer under synoptic scale westerly wind is developed with a thickness of about I km over the ground in the west of the mountain, while a thickness of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) is only confined to less than 200m along the eastern slope of the mountain, below an easterly sea breeze circulation. At the mid of the eastern slop of the mountain, westerly wind confronts easterly sea breeze, which goes to the height of 1700 m above sea level and is finally eastward return flow toward the sea. At this time, particulates floated from the ground surface of the city to the top of TIBL go along the eastern slope of the mountain in the passage of sea breeze, being away the TIBL and reach near the top of the mountain. Then those particulates disperse eastward below the height of sea-breeze circulation and widely spread out over the coastal sea. Total suspended particulate concentration near the ground surface of the city is very low. On the other hand, nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) of 200 m thickness over the inland surface, but relatively thin thickness less than 100m is found near the mountain surface. As synoptic scale westerly wind should be intensified under the association of mountain wind along the eastern slope of mountain to inland plain and further combine with land-breeze from inland plain toward sea, resulting in strong wind as internal gravity waves with a hydraulic jump motion bounding up to about 1km upper level in the atmosphere in the west of the city and becoming a eastward return flow. Simultaneously, wind near the eastern coastal side of the city was moderate. Since the downward strong wind penetrated into the city, the particulate matters floated near the top of the mountain in the day also moved down along the eastern slope of the mountain, reaching the. downtown and merging in the ground surface inside the NSIL with a maximum ground level concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) at 0300 LST. Some of them were bounded up from the ground surface to the 1km upper level and the others were forward to the coastal sea surface, showing their dispersions from the coastal NSIL toward the propagation area of internal gravity waves. On the next day at 0600 LST and 0900 LST, the dispersed particulates into the coastal sea could return to the coastal inland area under the influence of sea breeze and the recycled particulates combine with emitted ones from the ground surface, resulting in relatively high TSP concentration. Later, they float again up to the thermal internal boundary layer, following sea breeze circulation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.775-791
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• 2017

Surface wave techniques are widely used as non-invasive method for geotechnical site characterization. Field surface wave data are collected and analyzed using different processing techniques to generate the dispersion curves, which are further used to extract the shear wave velocity profile by inverse problem solution. Characteristics of a dispersion curve depend on the subsurface layering information of a vertically heterogeneous medium. Sometimes soft layer can be found between two stiff layers in the vertically heterogeneous media, and it can affect the wave propagation dramatically. Now most of the surface wave techniques use the fundamental mode Rayleigh wave propagation during the inversion, but this may not be the actual scenario when a soft layer is present in a vertically layered medium. This paper presents a detailed and comprehensive study using finite element method to examine the effect of soft layers which sometimes get trapped between two high velocity layers. Determination of the presence of a soft layer is quite important for proper mechanical characterization of a soil deposit. Present analysis shows that the thickness and position of the trapped soft layer highly influence the dispersion of Rayleigh waves while the higher modes also contribute in the resulting wave propagation.