• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.38-42
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• 1999

Average moisture content of 30mm-thick Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora) was estimated nondestructively and continuously using surface temperature rise by radiation heating and moisture gradient profile in wood. The surface temperature rises increased as surface moisture contents decreased and good relationships were found between surface moisture contents and surface temperature rises at three different feed speeds of 10, 20 and 30 m/min. Average moisture content could be described as a function of surface moisture content and wood thickness.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.341-353
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• 2018

A reinforced concrete pedestrian tunnel is constructed under a four-track surface railway. Heavy rainfall and soil exposure to drying lead to soil with different water content throughout the year. A railway is an open utility that is subject to rainfall without control on the quantity of the water on it and when there is a tunnel under a railway, the water content of the soil around the tunnel is very influential. This research shows the effects of change of water content in the soil around a pedestrian tunnel under a four-track surface railway. The pedestrian tunnel and the soil block around the tunnel are modeled in 3D by the FEM and are studied under the vibrations induced by the moving trains on the four-track surface railway for different soil water contents and the effects of the soil water content on the dynamic behavior of the tunnel and the surrounding soil are demonstrated.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.178-188
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• 1993

This research was attempted to investigate changes in physicochemical properties of rice extrudate with added ginger powder extruded by single screw extruder. Graphic three dimensional analysis on response surface regression was used to evaluate effects of extrusion variables on quality factors of the extrudate according to two independent variables, ginger consent 0∼12%, moisture content 14∼26%. The summarized results are as follows : 1) Regarding proximate composition of rice extrudate with added ginger powder, as ginger powder content of raw material Increased, crude tat, crude protein, crude ash and crude fiber increased, while soluble nitrogen free extract decreased. 2) Graphic three dimensional analysis on response surface regression was conducted for each dependent variable which revealed statistically significant relationship with independent variables, 0∼120A ginger and 14∼26% moisture content. Expansion ratio had a critical point as moisture content changed. As ginger and moisture content Increased, bulk density, break strength and water absorption Index Increased, while water solubility Index decreased. The predicted maximum degree of gelatinization in 6.15% ginger and 15.56% moisture content is 88.27%, and lightness decreased as ginger content Increased. According to the microstructure for the cross section of extrudate obsorbed with image analyzer, air cell number and perimeter revealed saddle point, meanwhile total area and fractarea of air cell had critical points as moisture content changed. In view of the results, quality of rice extrudate with added ginger powder was optimum when rice flour was fed to the extruder with 2∼7% singer powder and 15∼20% moisture content.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 1995

The effects of iron content in coated layer, surface roughness and lubricants on the formability of commercial Zn-Fe alloy electroplated steel sheets used for automotive bodies were investigated. The higher the iron content in deposit, the lower the friction coefficient of Zn-Fe alloy electroplated steel sheets. The surface roughness of coated layer hardly influenced the frictional characteristics. The formability of Zn-Fe alloy electroplated steel sheets was found to be more affected by the lubricant than by iron content in Zn-Fe alloy electrodeposit.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.155-167
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• 2023

The penetrated chloride in concrete has different behavior with mix proportions and local exposure conditions, even in the same environments, so that it is very important to quantify surface chloride contents for durability design. As well known, the surface chloride content which is a key parameter like external loading in structural safety design increases with exposure period. In this study, concrete samples containing OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag), and FA (Fly Ash) had been exposed to submerged, tidal, and splash area for 5 years, then the surface chloride contents changing with exposure period were evaluated. The surface chloride contents were obtained from the chloride profile based on the Fick's 2nd Law, and the regression analysis for them was performed with exponential and square root function. After exposure period of 5 years in submerged and tidal area conditions, the surface chloride content of OPC concrete increased to 6.4 kg/m³ - 7.3 kg/m³, and the surface chloride content of GGBFS concrete was evaluated as 7.3 kg/m³ - 11.5 kg/m³. In the higher replacement ratio of GGBFS, the higher surface chloride contents were evaluated. The surface chloride content in FA concrete showed a range of 6.7 kg/m³ to 9.9 kg/m³, which was the intermediate level of OPC and GGBFS concrete. In the case of splash area, the surface chloride contents in all specimens were from 0.59 kg/m³ to 0.75 kg/m³, which was the lowest of all exposure conditions. Experimental constants available for durability design of chloride ingress were derived through regression analysis over exposure period. In the concrete with GGBFS replacement ratio of 50%, the increase rate of surface chloride contents decreased rapidly as the water to binder ratio increased.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.197-200
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• 2006

The ingress of chloride ions plays a crucial role for service life design of reinforced concrete structures. In view of durability design of concrete structures under marine environment, one of the most essential parameters is the surface chloride content of concrete. However, on the basis of the results of in-situ investigation, this value has been determining in the numerous studies on the durability design of concrete structures. Hence, it is necessary to confirm the range of the surface chloride content in order to establish a unified durability design system of concrete. This study suggests a rational and practical way to calculate the maximum surface chloride content of submerged concrete under marine environment. This approach starts with the calculation of the amount of chloride ingredients in normal sea water. The capillary pore structure is modeled by numerical simulation model HYMOSTRUC and it is assumed to be completely saturated by the salt ingredients of sea water. In order to validate this approach, the total chloride content of the mortar and concrete slim disc specimen was measured after the immersion into the artificial sea water solution. Additionally, the theoretical, the experimental and in-situ investigation results of other researchers are compiled and analyzed. Based on this approach, it will follow to calculate the maximum surface chloride content of concrete at tidal zone, where the environment can be considered as a condition of dry-wetting cycles.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.277-290
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• 2023

In order to study the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced ultra-fine fly ash concrete (BFUFARC), the effects of ultra-fine fly ash (UFA) content, basalt fiber content, basalt fiber length and water reducing agent content on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite material were studied through experimental and theoretical analysis. Also, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to analyze the mesoscopic structure in the fracture surface of composite material specimens at magnifications of 500 and 3500. Besides, the energy release rate (G_c) and surface free energy (γ_s) of crack tip cracking on BFUFARC in different basalt fiber content were studied from the perspective of fracture mechanics. Further, the cracking resistance, reinforcement, and toughening mechanisms of basalt fibers on concrete substrate were revealed by surface free energy of BFUFARC. The experimental results indicated that basalt fiber content is the main influence factor on the splitting tensile strength of BFUFARC. In case that fiber content increased from 0 to 0.3%, the concrete surface free energy at the tip of single-sided crack showed a trend of increased at first and then decreased. The surface free energy reached at maximum, about 3.59 × 10^-5 MN/m. During the process of increasing fiber content from 0 to 0.1%, G_C-2_γS showed a gradually decreasing trend. As a result, an appropriate amount of basalt fiber can play a preventing cracking role by increasing the concrete surface free energy, further effectively improve the concrete splitting tensile performance.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of microstructure Oil film on the welding spatter in Zn electroplated steel, Zn electroplated surface and layer structure with USS-Paddition was observed using XRD, XPS and optical microscopy. Wettability of water drop on the Zn electroplated steel surface was measured using Z.Mei model. Oil absorption test was carried out using Oil pen. Morphology of spot welding and spatter with USS-P addition, applied current, and oil-spray or oil-without was observed using SEM and optical microscopy. Surface morphology of Zn electroplated steel showed finer structure as USS-P content increased. Wettabiliy on the Zn electroplated surface decreased with increasing USS-P content. Size of welding trace increased and spatter occured arround the welding part as applied current increased, whereas spatter disappeared as USS-P content increased and disappeared in case of oil spraying on the Zn electroplated surface.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.235-238
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• 2005

A new mesh reconstruction scheme for approximating a surface from a set of unorganized 3D points is proposed. The proposed method, called a shrink-wrapped boundary face (SWBF) algorithm, produces the final surface by iteratively shrinking the initial mesh generated from the definition of the boundary faces. SWBF surmounts the genus-0 spherical topology restriction of previous shrink-wrapping-based mesh generation techniques and can be applied to any type of surface topology. Furthermore, SWBF is significantly faster than a related algorithm of Jeong and others, as SWBF requires only a local nearest-point-search in the shrinking process. Our experiments show that SWBF is very robust and efficient for surface reconstruction from an unorganized point cloud.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.412-418
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• 1997

The surface appearance of zinc coating chromated electrochemically was investigated with the concentration of impurities in chromating solution. The chromium content and yellowness of chromated film decreased with more than 0.1g/1 Zn in chromating solution, while white ness of it increased slightly. The chromium content and whiteness of chromated film also decreased with more than 0.1g/1 Fe in chromating solution, but the yellowness of it increased. Chromium content, whiteness and yellowness of chromated film decreased slightly with more than 0.5g/1 $Cr^{3+}$<\TEX>. But the chromium content and surface appearance of chromated film are not influenced with less than 1.0g/1 Pb in chromating sloution.