• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.10.1-10.14
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• 2015

Recent cohort studies have relied on exposure prediction models to estimate individual-level air pollution concentrations because individual air pollution measurements are not available for cohort locations. For such prediction models, geographic variables related to pollution sources are important inputs. We demonstrated the computation process of geographic variables mostly recorded in 2010 at regulatory air pollution monitoring sites in South Korea. On the basis of previous studies, we finalized a list of 313 geographic variables related to air pollution sources in eight categories including traffic, demographic characteristics, land use, transportation facilities, physical geography, emissions, vegetation, and altitude. We then obtained data from different sources such as the Statistics Geographic Information Service and Korean Transport Database. After integrating all available data to a single database by matching coordinate systems and converting non-spatial data to spatial data, we computed geographic variables at 294 regulatory monitoring sites in South Korea. The data integration and variable computation were performed by using ArcGIS version 10.2 (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA). For traffic, we computed the distances to the nearest roads and the sums of road lengths within different sizes of circular buffers. In addition, we calculated the numbers of residents, households, housing buildings, companies, and employees within the buffers. The percentages of areas for different types of land use compared to total areas were calculated within the buffers. For transportation facilities and physical geography, we computed the distances to the closest public transportation depots and the boundary lines. The vegetation index and altitude were estimated at a given location by using satellite data. The summary statistics of geographic variables in Seoul across monitoring sites showed different patterns between urban background and urban roadside sites. This study provided practical knowledge on the computation process of geographic variables in South Korea, which will improve air pollution prediction models and contribute to subsequent health analyses.

• 한국기술혁신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국기술혁신학회 2006년도 The 1st China-Korea Conference on Innovation Studies
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• pp.15-41
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• 2006

The increasing popularity of the concept of technology innovation has been driven by greater international competition in a rapidly globalizing economy. Both countries and enterprises are placing more and more emphasis on it in order to gain competitive advantages. This article gives a general introduction about the research and application of technology innovation in China. At the national level, one obvious fact is that the total R&D expenditure increased rapidly during the year 2001 to year 2005 and reached Y 245 billions, and China made 2,452 international patent applications in 2005 and became the world's 10th largest user of the Patent Cooperation Treaty. At the industry and enterprise level, much progress has also been made in China. This article uses the high-tech industry as an example to introduce the industry and enterprise technology innovation respectively. Corresponding to the practice, scholars also did a great amount of research work related to technology innovation. This article sums up all the work done from the macroscopic aspect (such as national technology innovation strategy, regional innovation system, industry technology innovation) and microcosmic aspect (such as enterprise technology innovation strategy, patterns and evaluation standards). Based on the analysis, this article discusses the limitation of current work and research trend about the technology innovation.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제58권
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• pp.179-213
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• 2013

While a performance type guarantee is required as a security for non-performance risk by a seller, a payment guarantee is used as a security for non-payment risk by a buyer(or a borrower in a loan agreement). A payment guarantee is a type of independent bank guarantee, bank guarantee, bond, demand guarantee, or standby letter of credit. A guarantor accepts a credit risk of a principal which is normally a buyer in a contract for sale of goods. A payment guarantee is independent of the underlying relationship between the applicant and the beneficiary. The guarantor is only empowered to examine the beneficiary's demand and determine the payment on its face to the terms of the guarantee. A payment guarantee is thus different from a suretyship. The principle of independence carries a significant advantages for a guarantor as well as for a beneficiary. While a documentary credit requires B/L, commercial invoice, packing list, inspection certificate, etc., a typical payment guarantee does not require any evidence for a seller's performance of the underlying contract other than written demand. In this respect payment guarnatee can be a more secured facility than a documentary credit. A payment guarantee normally comes into force from the issuing date and shall remain in effect until all sums guaranteed shall be paid in full by a buyer(or a borrower) or by a guarantor. Although a guarantor shall pay a demand made in accordance with the terms and conditions of the payment guarantee, a payment demand may be denied when it is determined to be abusive or unfair.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2007

분해식은 SOP 형태의 논리식들이 논리합과 논리곱으로 반복해서 표현된 논리식이다. 분해식을 산출하는 과정은 논리식 내에 있는 공통식을 찾아 인수분해를 반복하는 과정이다. 분해식의 형태에 따라 대수 분해식과 부울 분해식으로 구분되며, 리터럴 개수를 기준으로 부울 분해식이 대수 분해식보다 간략화된 형태를 갖는다. 본 논문은 부울 분해식 산출 방법을 제안한 것이다. 제안하는 방법은 주어진 논리식에서 2개의 큐브를 선택하여 제수/몫 쌍들을 산출한다. 이 때, 2개의 큐브로 구성된 몫에 공통인수를 남겨두어 확장 제수/몫 쌍들을 산출하고 후에 몫/몫 쌍들을 산출하도록 하였다. 산출된 제수/몫 쌍과 확장 제수/몫 쌍, 몫/몫 쌍들을 이용하여 부울 분해식 산출 을 위한 행렬을 산출하고, 행렬 커버링을 통해 부울 분해식을 산출하는 방법을 제시한다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.94-99
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• 1989

1. L. acidophilus 균주에 작용하는 bacteriocin을 생산하는 Lactobacillus속 균 7주를 발견하였다. bacteriocin 생산균주는 1주가 L. gasseri였고, 그 외에는 모두 L. acidophilus였다. 2. 조사한 bacteriocin생산 6균주 중 5균주는 대수발육 중기 혹은 후기 내지 정상기의 초기에 최대의 bacteriocin 활성을 나타내었으나, 그 후 급격히 활성이 감소하였다. 3. 이들의 bacteriocin은 단백분해효소 처리로 용이하게 실활하는 단백질성임을 나타내었으나, 핵산분해 효소에는 저항성이었다. 또 이들의 bacteriocin은 지금 까지 보고되고 있는 Lactobacillus속의 bacteriocin과 다르며, 정도의 차는 있으나 전부 10$0^{\circ}C$ 가열에 감수성이 있었다. 4. L. acidophilus ATCC 9857 및 L. acidophilus ATCC 4357이 생산하는 bacteriocin은 diethylether 처리에 활성이 감소하므로 지질을 함유함을 시사하였다. 5. L. acidophilus A4가 생산하는 bacteriocin은 지시균의 세포벽 외층의 규칙적 배열구조에 흡착함을 시사하였다. 또 L. acidophilus ATCC 4355가 생산하는 bacteriocin은 지시균의 세포벽에는 흡착하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

기업발전에 있어 R&D부문의 연구개발과 그에 따른 기술개발에 대한 중요도는 그 기업의 장래까지 결정하는 대단히 중요한 고려사항임을 감안할 때 R&D에 대한 투자 및 전략적인 우선권부여는 절대적이라 하겠다. 이 글에서는 무엇보다도 제품기술개발에 대한 기업내의 각 부문별 시너지 전략, 품질전략, 제품관련이론전략, 및 관련마케팅전략등의 중요성에 대해 재인식하고 기업에 있어 무한경쟁시대의 21세기를 준비하는데 보탬이 되고자 한다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.128-138
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• 2019

Purpose: Segmental analysis of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is not clinically used for compositional error source evaluation. Instead, dose verification is routinely used for plan-specific quality assurance (QA). While this approach identifies the resultant error, it does not specify which machine parameter was responsible for the error. In this research study, we adopted an approach for the segmental analysis of VMAT as a part of machine QA of linear accelerator (LINAC). Methods: Two portal dose QA plans were generated for VMAT QA: a) for full arc and b) for the arc, which was segmented in 12 subsegments. We investigated the multileaf collimator (MLC) position and dosimetric accuracy in the full and segmented arc delivery schemes. A MATLAB program was used to calculate the MLC position error from the data in the dynalog file. The Gamma passing rate (GPR) and the measured to planned dose difference (DD) in each pixel of the electronic portal imaging device was the measurement for dosimetric accuracy. The eclipse treatment planning system and a MATLAB program were used to calculate the dosimetric accuracy. Results: The maximum root-mean-square error of the MLC positions were <1 mm. The GPR was within the range of 98%-99.7% and was similar in both types of VMAT delivery. In general, the DD was <5 calibration units in both full arcs. A similar DD distribution was found for continuous arc and segmented arcs sums. Exceedingly high DD were not observed in any of the arc segment delivery schemes. The LINAC performance was acceptable regarding the execution of the VMAT QA plan. Conclusions: The segmental analysis proposed in this study is expected to be useful for the prediction of the delivery of the VMAT in relation to the gantry angle. We thus recommend the use of segmental analysis of VMAT as part of the regular QA.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제28권4A호
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• pp.200-207
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• 2003

본 논문은 여러 가지 PN 부호들 중 시간 전이된 (time-shifted) m 계열 부호를 사용하는 CDMA 수신기에서 직교화 과정을 수행할 수 있도록 수신기 구조를 제안하고, 그 수신기의 특성 및 성능을 분석한 것이다. 이 구조는 일반적으로 사용하는 기존 CDMA 수신기에 직교 수신 과정을 수행하도록 병렬로 적분기 경로를 추가하고 덧셈기에서 추가된 경로의 출력과 기존 수신기 출력을 합산하여 처리하도록 되어 있어 구성이 간단하다. 수신된 신호는 PN 부호 상관기와 적분기를 각각 통과한 후 합쳐지므로 기준 사용자 부호의 신호 성분은 증가하고, 다른 사용자 부호와의 상호 상관 값은 0이 되어 수신된 기준 사용자 부호는 직교 부호 특성을 갖게 된다. 그러므로 본 논문에서 제안한 구조는 직교 부호 특성이 요구되는 채널 임펄스 특성 측정 등과 같은 응용 분야 또는 제안한 수신기 구조 블록 중에서 병렬로 추가된 경로를 유연하게 운용할 수 있으므로 다중 사용자 간섭 신호 제거 또는 용량 중대 목적에 적용이 가능하다.

• 정보학연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-28
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• 2002

정보통신기술(ICT)의 발달로 인한 정보생활화는 이제 우리의 일상 생활모습이 되었다. 80년대 컴퓨터산업의 발달과 90년대의 인터넷활성화는 모든 분야에서 우리 생활의 모습을 변화시키고 있다. 그러나 최근들어 성장위주의 급격한 정보화는 부작용을 잉태하기 시작했다. 정보화 역기능 및 정보격차의 문제는 국내외적으로 중요한 이슈가 되고 있으며 그 정도는 심각한 수준에 이르렀다고 보는 시각이 지배적이다. 정보화의 이면에서 발생하는 일상 생활양식과 문화적 혜택의 차이에 의해 새로운 불평등이 등장하고 부의 편중과 새로운 신분의 고착화가 가중되고 있다. 정보격차로 인한 불균형은 산업화시대 불균형에 비해 약 30배의 위력을 갖는다고 한다. 지금까지의 정보화정책 및 정보화에 대한 연구는 주로 정보화에 대한 순기능 측면에서 이루어 졌다. 즉 가치지향적 측면, 사회문화적 측면, 불평등사고 등 복지정보통신측면에서의 연구는 미흡했던 것이 사실이다. 정보통신 산업육성, 인프라구축 등 하드웨어적인 면에 편중됨으로서 누구나 정보화의 혜택을 누리는 정보평등사회와는 거리가 있어 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정보화 역기능과 정보격차문제를 포함한 정보화수용모델을 제시하고 정보화역기능이 정보화의 수용의도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지, 또 어떤 인과관계가 있는지를 수집된 자료를 이용하여 실증분석 하고자 시도하였다. 결론적으로 정보화역기능에 대한 태도가 높을수록 정보화 수용의도는 낮게 나타남으로서 정보화의 효율성은 떨어지게 된다는 것이다. 따라서 정보화역기능 및 정보격차문제의 해결은 선택의 문제가 아니라 정보화 정책을 추진함에 있어 반드시 고려하여야 할 과제로 인식되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1355-1364
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• 1999

Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's developments. In this study, nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the infant's cues was applied to 25 primiparas (Experimental Group). Mother and infant interacations of these primiparas were compared with those of 25 primiparas (Control Group) who did not receive the nursing intervention. Fifty primiparas and infants were recruited from a university hospital, a general hospital, and an OBGY clinic located in Taegu city. Mother and infant interactions were assessed at 6 weeks after birth using videotapes. Feeding situations were videotaped and two trained observers analyzed the tapes. Data were collected from March 23rd to July 27th of 1998. Mother and infant interactions during feeding were assessed by the response rating scale which was modified by the author based on NCAST feeding scale (Barnard, 1978a) and AMIS scale (Price, 1983). The validity of the modified rating scale was verified by faculty members and researchers who previously had research experience in the area. Cronbach's Alpha of the modified scale for this study was .90. The data was analyzed by SAS program, using wilcoxon rank sums test, chi square test, Fisher's exact test, and ANOVA. Findings were as follows: 1. Mothers in the experimental group were more likely to have higher scores in mother and infant interactions during feeding than mothers in the control group. 2. Mothers in the experimental group showed better sensitivity to infant's signals or cues, provided growth fostering, and had higher responsibility to the infant's distress than mothers in the control group. 3. Infants in the experimental group showed higher clarity of cues and responsibility to the mother's behaviors than infants in the control group. 4. Mothers and infants in the experimental group showed higher synchronic responses than mothers and infants in the control group. In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention promoted mother and infant interaction among primiparas. Therefore, this study suggests that the nursing interventions to increase maternal sensitivity to the infant's cues should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial to the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.