• 제목/요약/키워드: sums

검색결과 594건 처리시간 0.023초

Toward Practical Augmentation of Raman Spectra for Deep Learning Classification of Contamination in HDD

  • Seksan Laitrakun;Somrudee Deepaisarn;Sarun Gulyanon;Chayud Srisumarnk;Nattapol Chiewnawintawat;Angkoon Angkoonsawaengsuk;Pakorn Opaprakasit;Jirawan Jindakaew;Narisara Jaikaew
    • Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.208-215
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    • 2023
  • Deep learning techniques provide powerful solutions to several pattern-recognition problems, including Raman spectral classification. However, these networks require large amounts of labeled data to perform well. Labeled data, which are typically obtained in a laboratory, can potentially be alleviated by data augmentation. This study investigated various data augmentation techniques and applied multiple deep learning methods to Raman spectral classification. Raman spectra yield fingerprint-like information about chemical compositions, but are prone to noise when the particles of the material are small. Five augmentation models were investigated to build robust deep learning classifiers: weighted sums of spectral signals, imitated chemical backgrounds, extended multiplicative signal augmentation, and generated Gaussian and Poisson-distributed noise. We compared the performance of nine state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks with all the augmentation techniques. The LeNet5 models with background noise augmentation yielded the highest accuracy when tested on real-world Raman spectral classification at 88.33% accuracy. A class activation map of the model was generated to provide a qualitative observation of the results.

Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials in Two Variables

  • Claudio Pita-Ruiz
    • Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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    • 제64권1호
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    • pp.133-159
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    • 2024
  • In a previous work we studied generalized Stirling numbers of the second kind S(a2,b2,p2)a1,b1 (p1, k), where a1, a2, b1, b2 are given complex numbers, a1, a2 ≠ 0, and p1, p2 are non-negative integers given. In this work we use these generalized Stirling numbers to define Bernoulli polynomials in two variables Bp1,p2 (x1, x2), and Euler polynomials in two variables Ep1p2 (x1, x2). By using results for S(1,x2,p2)1,x1 (p1, k), we obtain generalizations, to the bivariate case, of some well-known properties from the standard case, as addition formulas, difference equations and sums of powers. We obtain some identities for bivariate Bernoulli and Euler polynomials, and some generalizations, to the bivariate case, of several known identities for Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials of the standard case.

중첩된-서브큐브: 전위-합 큐브를 위한 손실 없는 압축 방법 (Overlapped-Subcube: A Lossless Compression Method for Prefix-Sun Cubes)

  • 강흠근;민준기;전석주;정진완
    • 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.553-560
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    • 2003
  • 영역 질의는 의사결정에서 자주 사용되는 중요한 질의이다. 그러나, 영역 질의를 처리하기 위해서는 많은 점(cell)들이 검색되어야 하기 때문에 효율적인 처리가 쉽지 않았다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 영역의 크기에 관계없이 일정한 시간에 영역 질의를 처리할 수 있는 전위-합 큐브(prefix-sum cube)가 제안되었다. 그러나, 전위-합 큐브는 영역 질의의 처리는 효율적으로 할 수 있지만, 그것을 저장하기 위해 매우 큰 저장 공간이 필요하다는 문제를 갖고 있다. 본 논문에서는 전위-합 큐브의 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서 손실 없이 전위-합 큐브를 압축하는 중첩된-서브큐브 압축 방법을 제안한다. 중첩된-서브큐브 압축 방법은 전위-합 큐브의 압축을 위해서 만들어진 것으로 압축된 상태에서 저장된 값을 검색할 수 있는 매우 유용한 특징이 있다. 이 특징으로 인해, 질의 처리 시 압축된 전위-합 큐브를 그대로 사용할 수 있다. 압축된 전위-합 큐브를 사용하면, 동일한 크기의 버퍼에 전위-합 큐브의 더 많은 부분을 저장할 수 있다. 이것은 질의 처리 시 디스크 입출력의 횟수를 획기적으로 감소시킨다.

사장교에 장착된 MR 댐퍼의 비용효율성 평가 및 최적설계 연구 (A Study on Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation and Optimal Design of ant dampers for Cable-Stayed Bridges)

  • 박원석;함대기;고현무;박관순
    • 한국지진공학회논문집
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    • 제10권6호
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    • pp.47-56
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    • 2006
  • 지진응답 제어를 위하여 사장교 구조물에 장착된 준능동MR 댐퍼의 경제적 효율성 평가기법을 제안하였으며, 다양한 지반운동 특성에 대하여 비용효율성을 극대화하는 MR 댐퍼의 최적용량에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. MR 댐퍼의 비용효율성 평가를 위하여 생애주기비용 개념을 적용하였으며, 생애주기비용을 이루는 비용항목 중 손상비용의 기대값을 평가하기 위하여 지진재해로 인한 사장교의 파괴확률을 추정하였다. 사장교의 파괴로 인한 직 간접 손상비용의 규모를 매개변수로 하여 비용효율성을 평가하였다. 비용효율성 평가지수는 MR 댐퍼의 장착으로 인한 추가 투자비용과 사장교 구조물의 손상비용으로 이루어진 함수로서, 탄성받침이 사용된 기존의 설계에 대한 경제적 효율성을 나타내도록 정의하였다. 사장교의 지진응답 제어를 위하여 장착된 MR 댐퍼는 경제적으로 효율적인 대안인 것으로 나타났다. 지반운동의 특성과 손상비용 규모에 대한 MR 댐퍼의 최적 용량을 분석한 결과, 지진위험도 및 손상비용 규모가 커짐에 따라 가장 높은 비용효율성을 가지는 MR 댐퍼용량이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

혼합분포에서 최적분류점 (Optimal Thresholds from Mixture Distributions)

  • 홍종선;주재선;최진수
    • 응용통계연구
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.13-28
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    • 2010
  • 혼합분포를 가정한 신용평가연구에서 부도차주를 정상으로 예측하거나 정상차주를 부도로 예측하는 오류를 최소화하는 분류점을 추정하는 방법을 토론한다. 확률변수 스코어와 정상과 부도상태의 모수공간으로 정의된 확률밀도함수들에 대하여 강력검정과 일반화가능도비검정을 이용하여 최적분류점의 추정방법을 제안하고, ROC와 CAP 곡선에서 분류정확도를 측정하는 정확도(accuarcy)와 진실율(true rate)을 이용하여 이 측도를 최대로 하는 최적분류점을 확률밀도함수의 관계식으로 추정하는 방법을 제안한다. 다양한 정규분포에서 가설검정, 정확도 그러고 진실율을 이용하는 세가지 방법의 최적분류점을 구하고 각최적분류점에 대응하는 제 I 종과 제 II 종 오류합의 크기를 비교하여 효율성을 토론한다.

Outflow properties of DIGIT embedded sources

  • Kang, Seonmi;Lee, Jeong-Eun;Choi, Minho;Evans II, Neal J.;Dunham, Michael M.
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제40권1호
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    • pp.80.1-80.1
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    • 2015
  • We present a study of outflows on 24 embedded young stellar objects selected from the source list of the Dust, Ice, and Gas in Time (DIGIT) Herschel key program. To study the relation between the CO outflows observed in low-J transitions and the properties of protostars more consistently with a homogeneous data set, we mapped the CO outflows of the selected targets in the J = 1-0 and J = 2-1 lines with two Korean telescopes (SRAO and TRAO). We compare CO outflow force ($F_{CO}$) with the bolometric luminosity, ($L_{bol}$) bolometric temperature, and the FIR molecular line luminosities of CO, $H_2O$, OH, and [O I] detected by the Herschel-PACS observations. We find that $F_{CO}$ of J = 1-0 is greater than that of 2-1 by a factor of ~ 2. The well known correlation between $F_{CO\;2-1}$ and $L_{bol}$ is not very evident in our sample as a whole, but they show a rather strong correlation when IRAM 04191+1522 is excluded. IRAM 04191+1522 has relatively high $F_{CO\;2-1}$ in spite of its low $L_{bol}$. This object is a well-known VeLLO, which is believed in the quiescent phase of the episodic mass accretion in the embedded stage. $L_{bol}$ traces a current accretion, but $F_{CO\;2-1}$ traces accretion happened long ago. Therefore, the low-$L_{bol}$ with the high-$F_{CO\;2-1}$ can be explained by the episodic accretion. $F_{CO\;2-1}$ shows little correlation with individual FIR line luminosities of CO, $H_2O$, OH, while [O I] and total FIR line luminosity seem to have correlations with $F_{CO\;2-1}$. This result is interpreted as the accretion energy deposits on species differently depending on shock properties, but the total FIR line luminosity sums the total accretion energy dispersed to different species.

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Towards Thermally Stable Tandem Organic Solar Cells

  • Yang, Feng;Wang, Sihan;Kim, Ji-Hwan;Kim, Yong-Sang
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.410.2-410.2
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    • 2016
  • Tandem structure is promising in organic solar cells because of its double open-circuit voltage (VOC) and efficient photon energy conversion. In a typical tandem device, the two single sub-cells are stacked and connected by an interconnecting layer. The fabrication of two sub-cells are usually carried out in a glovebox filled with nitrogen or argon gas, which makes it expensive and laborious. We report a glovebox-free fabricated inverted tandem organic solar cells wherein the tandem structure comprises sandwiched interconnecting layer based on p-doped hole-transporting, metal, and electron-transporting materials. Complete fabrication process of the tandem device was performed outside the glove box. The tandem solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) can realize a high VOC, which sums up of the two sub-cells. The tandem device structure was ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/MoO3/Au/Al/ZnO-d/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag. The separate sub-cells were morphologically and thermally stable up to 160 oC. The high stability of the active layer benefits in the fabrication processes of tandem device. The performance of tandem organic solar cells comes from the sub-cells with an 50 nm thick active layer of P3HT:PCBM, achieving an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.9% (n=12) with short-circuit current density (JSC) = 4.26 mA/cm2, VOC = 1.10 V, and fill factor (FF) = 0.62. Based on these findings, we propose a new method to improve the performance and stability of tandem organic solar cells.

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Characterization of dental phenotypes and treatment modalities in Korean patients with Parry-Romberg syndrome

  • Yim, Sunjin;Yang, Il-Hyung;Baek, Seung-Hak
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제50권6호
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    • pp.407-417
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    • 2020
  • Objective: To investigate the dental phenotypes and treatment modalities (Tx-Mod) in Korean patients with Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) using longitudinal data. Methods: The samples consisted of 10 PRS patients, who were treated and/or followed-up at Seoul National University Dental Hospital between 1998 and 2019. Using a novel PRS severity index based on the numbers of the atrophy-involved area and asymmetry-involved item, we classified them into mild (n = 3), moderate (n = 2), and severe (n = 5). Dental phenotypes, including congenitally missing tooth (Con-Missing-Tooth), microdontia, tooth with short root (Short-Root), tooth with dilacerated root, and delayed eruption/impacted tooth, were investigated along with Tx-Mod. Results: The side of occurrence of all dental phenotypes showed 100% concordance with the side of PRS involvement. The most two common dental phenotypes were Con-Missing-Tooth and Short-Root (n = 29 and n = 17 in six patients). The sums of the average number of Con-Missing-Tooth and Short-Root increased from mild PRS to moderate PRS and severe PRS cases (1.0, 6.0, and 6.2). In terms of Tx-Mod, growth observation due to mild atrophy, fixed orthodontic treatment, and grafting were used for mild PRS cases. Tx-Mod for moderate PRS cases involved growth observation for surgery due to an early age at the initial visit. For severe PRS cases, diverse Tx-Mod combinations including unilateral functional appliance, fixed orthodontic treatment, growth observation, grafting, and orthognathic surgery were used. Conclusions: The novel PRS severity index may be useful to provide primary data for individualized diagnosis and treatment planning for PRS patients.

만경강 유역 수계의 담수어에 기생하는 흡충류 피낭유충 조사 (Survey on Encysted Cereariae of Trematodes from Fresh-water Fishes in Mangyeong Riverside Area)

  • 이재구;이호일백병걸김평길
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.187-192
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    • 1983
  • In order to clarify infestation Pattern for the encysted larvae of digenetic trematodes from fresh-water fishes, this survey was carried out from March to September, 1983. A total of 380 fishes of 32 species wore collected with netting at the three reaches, upper, middle and lower in Mangyeong riverside area. After the fishes were dissected into small scraps, they were pressed under cover glass and examined-for the presence of those of digenetic trematodes with a microscope. The resillts obtailled were as follows; Out of a total of 380 knishes inspected, 320 fishes(84%) from 31 species were found positive with, digenetic trematode metacercariae; more than 10 species of the metacercariae Ivere detected in Pseuderasbora parva; .Gnnthepegen mtajimae, Microphysogokio yaluensis, Cultriculus eigenmanni and Gnnthopogon coreanus (more than 8 species) ; Aphyocypris chinensis (8 species) and etc. respectively. Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were found positive from 93 fishes (25%) from 12 species and detection rates in other species of digenetic trematode metacercariae from various fishes were; Exorchis oviformis, 261 fisles (57%) from 28 species; Cyathocotyle criensalis, 47 fishcs (12%) from 12 species; Metorchis orientalis, 21 fishes (6%) from 12 species; Metagonimus yokogawai, 164 fishes (43%) from 26 species; Pseudesorchis major, 71 fishes (19%) from 18 species; Metacercaria haiegawai, 77 fishes (20%) from 25 species; Centrocestus armatus, 24 fishes (6%) from 7 species; Echinochasmus japonicus, 2 fishes (0.5%) from 2 species, and unidentified species, 34 fishes (9%) from 15 species respectively. The sums of average number of the encysted larvae of all species found in fish body/gram showed 83 in P.parva, Cobitis taenia (74.2), A. chinensis (28.5), Pseudoperilampus uyekii (26.6), G. majimae (19.6) and etc. respectively and the average peak number of each metacercaria in fish body/gram showed 21.7 C. sinensis, 245. ovifcrmis, 15, 3 M, crientalis and 6.1 5. japonicus in P. parva. 42.7 C. orientalis and 25.1 M. yohogawai in C. taenia; 8.3 C. armatus and 8.3 M. hasegawai in P. uyekii. 6.3 P. major in Carassius carassius, and 2.9 unidentified species in G, niajimae respectively.

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Index of Union와 다른 정확도 측도들 (Index of union and other accuracy measures)

  • 홍종선;최소연;임동휘
    • 응용통계연구
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    • 제33권4호
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    • pp.395-407
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    • 2020
  • 최적분류점에 대한 대부분의 정확도 측도들은 두 종류의 누적분포함수와 확률밀도함수를 기반으로 정의하거나 또는 ROC 곡선과 AUC를 기반으로 정의하는 방법으로 구분하는데, Unal (2017)은 두 가지 방법을 혼합하여 누적분포함수와 AUC를 모두 고려하는 정확도 측도 Index of Union (IU) 통계량을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 IU 통계량을 포함한 열 개의 정확도 측도들을 여섯 종류의 범주로 구분하여 각 범주에 속하는 측도들을 비교하면서 IU의 장점을 연구한다. 다양한 정규혼합분포를 설정하여 각각의 측도들에 대응하는 최적분류점들을 구하고 각 분류점에 대응하는 제1종과 제2종 오류 그리고 두 종류의 오류합을 구해서 오류들의 크기를 비교하면서 분류정확도 측도들의 판별력을 비교하면서 IU의 성격과 특징을 탐색한다. 두 종류 분포들의 평균 차이가 증가할수록 IU 통계량의 제1종 오류와 오류합의 크기가 최고의 분류정확도를 갖는 제2범주의 정확도 측도의 오류에 수렴하는 것을 발견하였다. 그러므로 IU는 모형의 판별력을 평가하는 정확도 측도로 활용할 수 있다.