• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.289-296
• /
• 1996

Effects of crustal species on the characteristics of ambient particles were studied by applying a gas-particle equilibrium model, SCAPE, to the measurements at Kosan, Cheju Island during the spring and summer, 1994. Two cases were simulated; the measured composition was used without any modification (case 1), and the metal ion concentrations originated from crust were subtracted from the measured particle composition (case 2). Total suspended particles (TSPs) were collected by an automatic high volume tape sampler during spring period and by high volume samplers during summer period. The fine particles, PM 2.5, and gaseous volatile species were collected using a filter pack smapler during summer period. The water soluble ion concentrations were analyzed from all the particle samples. According to the simulation results, the effect of crustal elements on the chemical composition of particles is negligible for both TSP particles and PM 2.5 particles. Acidity of particles measured at Kosan, however, is affected by the change of the concentrations of crustal species, stronger effects for TSP particles than for PM 2.5 particles during summer, and stronger effects during summer than spring for TSP particle. The average pH decrease due to the absence of crustal species was about 0.10 for PM 2.5 particle during summer and 1.51 and 0.85 for TSP particles during summer spring, respectively. Water contents of PM 2.5 particles for both cases are comparable to each other. Estimated water content of TSP particles for case 2 is higher than that for case 1 by about 4 $\sim 6 \mum/m^3$ because salts of metal ions are not hygroscopic.

• 한국조경학회지
• /
• 제33권5호통권112호
• /
• pp.83-93
• /
• 2005

Research was initiated to investigate turf performance under USGA soil system. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was built with rootzone layer, intermediate layer, and drainage layer. Six turfgrass entries were comprised of 3 blends and 3 mixtures from cool-season grasses (CSG). Turfgrass color and quality ratings were best in spring and fall, especially early May to early July and late August to early November. Kentucky bluegrass (KB) consistently produced the greatest performance, while perennial ryegrass (PR) the poorest. Intermediate turf performance between KB and PR was observed with tall fescue (TF). Among CSG mixtures it increased with KB but decreased with PR. There were considerable variations in summer turf Performance. No summer drought injury was found in KB and TF. However, PR showed poor performance through summer as compared with others. Among mixtures, it decreased with PR. It was suggested that PR mix in less than $20\%$ in the mixtures to have an acceptable quality in summer. Cultural intensity also affected it. With lowering mowing height, KB of rhizomatous-type in growth habit kept good quality, while PR and TF with bunch-type in growth habit poor quality. Mowing quality was greatly different among CSG. KB produced clean-cut surface, but PR unclean one. If had an intermediate mowing quality between KB and PR. A great difference in green color retention was observed among CSG. The longest CSG was PR that kept green for 339 days, while the shortest one TF for 267 days. KB continued to keep green for 290 days. The mixtures kept green in color for 292 to 315 days, depending on turfgrass mixing intensity. The greater the PR in content, the longer the green color duration. These results demonstrate that KB was the best and PR the worst among CSG grown in USGA system under a domestic climate, in regards of turf quality, color, mowing quality, summer turf performance and green color duration. KB and TF are most adequate for high-maintenance and low-maintenance area, respectively. In case of mixtures for high-quality turf, it was desirable to use KB-based mixture with PR of below $20\%$ in seeding rate.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.485-491
• /
• 2014

This study verified the effect of summer flight ventilation developed in a previous study based on wearing comfort evaluation. Seven healthy males in their twenties volunteered for this experiment conducted in aclimatic chamber. The experiment consisted of three consecutive periods of rest (20 minutes), running on a treadmill (10 minutes) and recovery (20 minutes). A comparative evaluation was conducted on the general flight suit which had no ventilation holes and summer flight suit that use subjective satisfaction measures and objective measures. The subjective satisfaction was evaluated according to the criteria of temperature sensation, wet sensation, thermal comfort and fatigue sensation. The objective satisfaction was measured by skin temperature, microclimate (temperature and humidity), sweat rate and thermography. The comparative wearing evaluation identified the summer flight suit decreased the temperature between skin and suit by $0.42^{\circ}C$ (upper arm), $0.9^{\circ}C$ (calf) and the skin temperature by $0.3^{\circ}C$ (shoulder), $0.4^{\circ}C$ (upper arm), $0.5^{\circ}C$ (calf) as compared to the general flight suit. The humidity inside the summer flight suit decreased at head (7.73%), shoulder (5.86%), upper arm (5.26%), and calf (8.73%) compared to the one inside the general flight suit. Thermography showed that the air flowed through ventilation holes (neck and armpit). The design of ventilation holes applied to the summer flight suit can be applicable to overall clothing that requires thermal comfort such as dust-free garments, mechanical clothing and combat uniforms.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The study is to measure concentrations of indoor air pollutants in housing and to analyze the characteristics of pollutants in housing indoor-air between summer and winter comparatively. The research result could be used as data for public health through indoor air quality management of existing housing and more as a reference for new housing. Method: It was investigated 24 middle class housings of metropolitan area in winter which have been built for the past 30 years. Concentration of HCHO, TVOC was investigated in living room at morning and night and concentration of $CO_2$ was investigated in living room and master bedroom at morning and night. SKT100-X5 was used for concentration of HCHO, TVOC and ZGm053UK for concentration of $CO_2$. The characteristics of HCHO, TVOC, $CO_2$ concentration in winter were analyzed and then the concentrations in winter were analyzed the concentrations in summer being preceding research comparatively. Result: Average concentration of TVOC in winter was 2.7 times more than that of TVOC in summer, average concentration of HCHO in winter was about 2.0 times more than that of HCHO in summer. Average concentration of $CO_2$ in the morning at living room in winter was 1.3 times more than that of $CO_2$ in summer. Average concentration of $CO_2$ in the morning at master bedroom in winter was 1.1 times more than that of $CO_2$ in summer. Average concentration of TVOC was 1.31 times more than that of HCHO and standard deviation of that was 1.73 times higher. Average concentration of $CO_2$ was almost nearly close or over to 1,000ppm being criteria of the Ministry of Environment.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.525-532
• /
• 1990

The values of blood composition were analyzed by age, season, and sex from Chejuhorse in Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follow; 1. The values of white blood cell(WBC), packed cell volume(PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC) were significantly different between age. The WBC value was decreased with the progress of age and the PCV value was lower in the early age of 1,2 to 3 years than in the higher age of 4 to 5, and over 6 years. 2. The mean value of MCV was increased with the progress of age but the adverse was true in MCHC. 3. In the case of seasons, the values of red blood cell(RBC), WBC, hemoglobin(Hb) PCV, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), MCHC, globulin(Glo), albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio, inorganic phosphorus(Pi), cholesterol(Chol), and chlorine(Cl) showed significant differences. The number of RBC was not varied from winter to summer but decreased in autumn. The number of WBC was high in summer and autumn, but low in winter and spring. 4. The values of MCV were high in autumn and winter, but low in spring and summer. 5. The values of MCH and MCHC were similar in spring and summer, but strikingly increased in autumn. 6. The values of Glo and A/G ratio were negatively correlated with the season; The value of A/G ratio was lowest in summer but no differences were observed in spring, autumn and winter. On the other hand, the value of Glo was highest in summer but no differences were observed in spring, autumn, and winter. 7. The values of Pi, Chol, and CI were high in summer and winter, but low in spring and autumn. 8. The values of RBC, MCV, and MCH were significantly different between sex. The value of the RBC count in male was higer than the female, but the adverse is true in MCV, and MCH.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.247-256
• /
• 1997

1961년 이전에 관측이 시작되어 30년 이상의 관측자료가 있는 기상청의 15개 관측소의 강수량 자료를 이용하여 우리나라의 여름철 강수량 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 특히 이 연구에서는 우리나라 강수량 기후 평년값을 이용하여 기후적 특성을 조사하였으며, 지역별로 연 강수량, 여름철 강수량, 장마기간중 강수량의 연도별 변동을 비교 분석하고 그 상관을 조사하였다. 대체로 우리나라의 경우 연 강수량의 반 이상이 6, 7, 8월의 여름철에 집중되어 있고, 또 이 여름철 강수량은 장마에 크게 영향을 받는다. 또 지역별로 여름철 강수량 및 장마가 연 강수량에 미치는 기여도를 조사한 결과 서울을 비롯한 중서부 내륙지방이 장마의 영향을 가장 많이 받으며 동해안 중북부 지역과 제주도 지역은 상대적으로 장마의 영향이 적고, 국지적인 지형적 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 우리나라의 경우 강수량의 연도별 변동이 심한 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 연 강수량보다 여름철 강수량과 장마기간중 강수량의 변화가 더 심한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 국가 수자원 문제와 관련하여 연 강수량의 변동을 파악하기 위해서는 여름철 강수량의 변동에 대한 이해가 중요하며 아울러 장마의 특성 즉 몬순에 대한 파악이 함께 이루어져야 한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.381-395
• /
• 2005

The spatial distributions of macrobenthic communities in Masan Bay were investigated during summer and winter, 2004. A total of 104 species were sampled with mean density of $448ind./m^2$ and biomass of $77.1g/m^2$ in winter. In summer, a total of 107 species occurred with $485ind./m^2$ and a biomass of $94.5g/m^2$. The most dominant species in winter were Paraprionospio pinnata (24.2%) among polychaetous worms and Theora fragilis (14.1%) among molluscs, but they were replaced in summer by Prionospio chirrifera (20.4%) and Lumbrineris longifolia (14.5%). The difference in species composition and abundance of benthic communities between the two seasons was due to the hypoxia in the bottom layer of the inner bay during summer, which defaunated the macrofauna of the sediments. In the winter when DO concentration increased to normoxia, the pelagic larvae of benthic fauna settled in the soft sediments, but there was a spatial gradient in values of total biomass, density, and H' and benthic pollution index (BPI): higher values were found toward the mouth of the bay. The multivariate analyses like the cluster analysis and MDS ordination showed that Masan Bay could be divided into two or four stational groups in winter and summer whether the hypoxia occurred or not. Group I consisted of sites at the inner bay and central area and Group II, sites at the bay mouth. In summer the inner bay area could be further divided into the shallow impoverished area and the deeper abiotic one.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 1998

Seasonal rhythmic changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 10 healthy male volunteers after single intravenous 80 mg administration of gentamicin at 9:00 a.m. during summer and winter. The mean terminal half-life and AUC of gentamicin were $3.56\pm0.14\;hr\;and\;25.03\pm2.84\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ in winter and $3.08\pm0.41\;hr\;and\;21.84\pm2.51\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ in summer. The mean total body clearance $(CL_t)$ and elimination rate constant $(k_{10})$ of gentamicin was $3.17\pm0.43\;L/hr,\;0.458\pm0.06\;hr^{-1}\;in\;winter\;and\;3.66\pm0.45\;L/hr,\;0.561\pm0.07\;hr^{-1}$ in summer, The mean volumn of distribution $(V_{dss})$ of gentamicin at steady state was $12.65\pm1.09$L in winter and $12.39\pm1.25$ L in summer. Serum concentrations of gentamicin in winter were increased significantly during 4-8 hr (p<0.05) compared to those of gentamicin in summer. The elimination rate constant $(k_{10})$ of gentamicin in winter was decreased significantly $(p<0.05)$ compared to that of gentamicin in summer. The mean volume of distribution at steady state $(V_{dss})$, AUC, mean total body clearance ($CL_t$) and terminal half-life of gentamicin in the winter were increased but were not significant. The mean intrasubject fluctuations in terminal half-life, AUC and $CL_t$ between winter and summer were 8.2, 11.0 and $6.0\%$ respectively.

• 대한지리학회지
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.184-203
• /
• 2013

이 연구에서는 장기간의 관측 자료를 이용하여 적도 저주파 진동과 관련된 한반도 여름철 강수의 변동성을 분석하였다. EOF 분석을 실시한 결과 여름철 대표적인 한반도 강수 패턴은 남한과 북한이 반대의 위상을 가지며 1990년대 중반을 기점으로 레짐 이동이 나타나는 변동 특성을 보였다. 한반도의 여름철 강수는 엘니뇨/라니냐 변동에 따라 적도 동태평양에서 해수면 온도가 증가하는 강한 엘니뇨 해와 적도에서부터 중위도 서태평양까지 남북으로 연결되어 강수량이 증가하는 약한 라니냐 해에 특히 우리나라(남한)의 남부지방에서 증가하는 경향을 보여주었다. 여름철 인도, 북서태평양, 북동아시아 몬순 지수 및 여름철 강수지수에 대한 계절 내 변동에 의해, 우리나라 강수는 6월 인도 몬순 지수와 양의 상관이 있고 7월 북서태평양 몬순 지수와 음의 상관이 있으며 8월 인도 몬순 지수와 가장 높은 음의 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 복식문화학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 복식문화학회 2000년도 복식문화학회 동계학술세미나
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2000