• 제목/요약/키워드: sulfonylurea herbicides

검색결과 51건 처리시간 0.026초

Characterization of Two Forms of Acetolactate Synthase from Barley

  • Yoon, Jong-Mo;Yoon, Moon-Young;Kim, Young-Tae;Choi, Jung-Do
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제36권5호
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    • pp.456-461
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    • 2003
  • Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine. ALS is the target site for several classes of herbicides, including sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. Two forms of ALS (designated ALS I and ALS II) were separated from barley shoots by heparin affinity column chromatography. The molecular masses of native ALS I and ALS II were determined to be 248 kDa and 238 kDa by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and activity staining. Similar molecular masses of two forms of ALS were confirmed by a Western blot analysis. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the molecular masses of the ALS I and ALS II subunits were identical - 65 kDa. The two ALS forms exhibited different properties with respect to the values of $K_m$, pI and optimum pH, and sensitivity to inhibition by herbicides sulfonylurea and imidazolinone as well as to the feedback regulation by the end-product amino acids Val, Leu, and Ile. These results, therefore, suggest that the two ALS forms are not different polymeric forms of the same enzyme, but isozymes.

Expression of Acetohydroxyacid Synthase from Bacillus anthracis and Its Potent Inhibitors

  • Choi, Kyoung-Jae;Pham, Chien Ngoc;Jung, Hoe-Il;Han, Sung-Hwan;Choi, Jung-Do;Kim, Jin-Heung;Yoon, Moon-Young
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제28권7호
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    • pp.1109-1113
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    • 2007
  • Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2. 2. 1. 6) is the enzyme that catalyses the first step in the common pathway of the biosynthesis of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine and isoleucine. For the first time, the AHAS gene from Bacillus anthracis was cloned into the expression vector pET28a(+), and was expressed in the E. coli strain BL21(DE3). The purified enzyme was checked on 12% SDS-PAGE to be a single band with molecular weight of 65 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for B. anthracis AHAS was at pH 7.5 and 37 oC, respectively. Kinetic parameters of B. anthracis were as follows: Km for pyruvate, K0.5 for ThDP and Mg2+ was 4.8, 0.28 and 1.16 mM respectively. AHAS from B. anthracis showed strong resistance to three classes of herbicides, Londax (a sulfonylurea), Cadre (an imidazolinone), and TP (a triazolopyrimidine). These results indicated that these herbicides could be used in the search for new anti-bacterial drugs.

한국 논에서 제초제 저항성잡초의 발생 현황, 메카니즘 및 방제 (Current status, mechanism and control of herbicide resistant weeds in rice fields of Korea)

  • 박태선;성기영;조현숙;서명철;강항원;박기웅
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제41권2호
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    • pp.85-99
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    • 2014
  • Sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant weeds of eight annual weeds, Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus juncoides and Cyperus difformis, etc., and four perennial weeds, Scirpus planiculmis, Sagittaria pigmaea, Eleocharis acicularis and Sagittaria trifolia as of 2013 since identification Monochoria korsakowii in the reclaimed rice field in 1998. And the resistant Echinochloa oryzoides to ACCase and ALS inhibitors has been confirmed in rice fields of the southern province, Korea in 2009. In the beginning, the M. vaginalis, S. juncoides and C. difformis of these SU-resistant weeds were rapidly and individually spreaded in different fields, however, these resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed recently. The resistant biotype by weed species demonstrated about 10-to 1,000-fold resistance, based on $GR_{50}$ values of the SU herbicides tested. And the resistant biotype of E. oryzoides to cyhalofop-butyl, pyriminobac-methyl, and penoxsulam was about 14, 8, and 11 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype base on $GR_{50}$ values. The products and applied area of SU-included herbicides have been increased rapidly, and have accounted for about 69% and 96% in Korea, respectively. In Korea, the main cause of SU-resistant weed is extensive use of these herbicides. The top ten herbicides by applied area were composed of all SU-included herbicides by 2003. The concentrated and successive treatment of ACCase and ALS inhibitors for control of barnyardgrass in rice led up to the resistance of E. oryzoides. Also, SU-herbicides like pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazosulfuron which effective to barnyardgrass can be bound up with the resistance of E. oryzoides. The ALS activity isolated from the resistant biotype of M. korsakowii to SU-herbicides tested was less sensitive than that of susceptible biotype. The concentration of herbicide required for 50% inhibition of ALS activity ($I_{50}$) of the SU-resistant M. korsakowii was 14-to 76-fold higher as compared to the susceptible biotype. No differences were observed in the rates of [$^{14}C$]bensulfuron uptake and translocation. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes from M. vaginalis resistant and susceptible biotypes against SU-herbicides revealed a single amino acid substitution of proline (CCT), at 197th position based on the M. korsakowii ALS sequence numbering, to serin (TCT) in conserved domain A of the gene. Carfentrazone-ethyl and pyrazolate were used mainly to control SU-resistant M. vaginalis by 2006 in Korea. However, the alternative herbicides such as benzobicyclone, to be possible to control simultaneously the several resistant weeds, have been developing and using broadly, because the several resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same fieled. The top ten herbicides by applied area in Korea have been occupied by products of 3-way mixture type including herbicides with alternative mode of action for the herbicide resistant weeds. Mefenacet, fentrazamide and cafenstrole had excellent controlling effects on the ACCase and ALS inhibitors resistant when they were applied within 2nd leaf stage.

설포닐우레아계 제초제 저항성 논잡초에 대한 신규 제초제 Tefuryltrione 합제의 약효 및 선택성 (Herbicidal Activity of Newly Rice Herbicide Tefuryltrione Mixture against Sulfonylurea Resistant Weeds in Korea)

  • 박민식;김세민;박용석;이근식;우정
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.133-138
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    • 2012
  • 본 시험은 SU계 제초제 저항성 잡초의 발생이 전국적으로 문제가 되면서 새로운 작용기작을 가지는 4-HPPD 저해제인 tefuryltrione의 SU계 제초제 저항성 논잡초에 대한 야외 포장에서의 약효와 벼에 대한 선택성을 확인하고자 수행되었다. Tefuryltrione 단제로 이앙 10~15일 후에 처리하였을 때 피에 대해서는 약효가 미흡하였으나, mefenacet과의 합제에서는 피뿐만 아니라 올챙이고랭이와 물달개비에 대해서 매우 우수한 약효를 보였다. 특히, 일년생 뿐 아니라 지하부로도 월동을 하는 다년생 올챙이고랭이에 대해서도 우수한 약효가 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 경기도 평택의 바이엘크롭사이언스(주) 기술연구소 시험 포장 등 3개시험 포장에서 제초제 저항성 초종인 미국외풀, 알방동사니, 마디꽃 등과 가막사리, 사마귀풀, 여뀌바늘 등에 대해서도 mefenacet+tefuryltrione 합제는 매우 우수한 약효를 보였다. 일반 벼 품종인 추청벼와 동진벼를 대상으로 시험한 결과 초기에 약간의 생육억제를 보이지만 회복되어 처리 후 20일 이후에는 별다른 문제가 없었다.

경북 지역 Sulfonylurea계 저항성 논잡초 발생양상과 분포 (The Distribution and Occurrence of Sulfonylurea-Resistant Weeds in Paddy Fields of Gyeongbuk Province)

  • 김상국;김학윤
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.131-137
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 경상북도 지역의 논에 발생하는 잡초종의 발생과 분포 및 sulfonylurea계 제초제 저항성잡초 발생비율을 조사한 것으로 생활사별 논잡초 분포는 일년생이 91.8%로서 다년생 8.2%보다 많았으며, 형태적 분포는 광엽잡초 85.7%, 사초과 9.1%, 화본과 3.8%였다. 잡초종은 물달개비, 미국외풀, 피, 여뀌바늘, 올챙이고랭이, 미국가막사리이었고, 물달개비가 우점하는 지역과 발생률은 포항, 의성, 상주, 경주 순으로 각각 85.1%, 76.3%, 73.5%, 58.9%였으며, 미국외풀은 영덕, 고령, 군위, 영양, 안동, 예천, 구미, 영천 순으로 발생률은 각각 96.3%, 93.8%, 92.7%, 90.7%, 86.8%, 70.6%, 66.7%, 56.2%로 나타났다. 지역별로 주요 논잡초는 물달개비, 미국외풀, 너도방동사니, 피, 올챙이고랭이 순이었고, 우점도를 1981년, 1992년 및 2012년도와 비교하면 미국외풀(42.8%), 물달개비(37.5%), 너도방동사니(7.9%)순이었다. 논에 발생한 sulfonylurea계 제초제 저항성 잡초는 물달개비, 여뀌바늘, 미국외풀, 올챙이고랭이로 총 4종이었고, 제초제 저항성잡초 가운데 가장 많은 발생면적을 보인 초종은 미국외풀로 11.1%를 차지하였다. 2012년 조사된 지역에 대한 제초제 저항성 잡초 발생률은 15.9%정도로 경북지역의 벼 재배면적(141,005ha)을 고려하면 제초제 저항성잡초 발생면적은 22,420ha정도로 추정되었다.

Effects of Mixed Application of Wood Vinegar and Herbicides on Weed Control, Yield and Quality of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

  • Rico, Cyren M.;Souvandouane, Souliya;Mintah, Lemuel Ohemeng;Chung, Il-Kyung;Son, Tae-Kwon;Lee, Sang-Chul
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제52권4호
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    • pp.387-392
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    • 2007
  • The effect of mixed treatments of wood vinegar and sulfonylurea-based herbicides on weed control, yield and yield components, and quality of rice was investigated. Two herbicides were tested namely: imazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb[ethyl-1-(2-chloroimidazo[1,2-$\alpha$]pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) urea+S-4-chlorobenzyl diethyl(thiocarbamate)], and bensulfuronmethyl+butachlor [methyl $\alpha$-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbamoyl)sulfamoyl]-o-toluate+N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2',6'-diethylacetanilide]. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 5 treatments. Treatments used were recommended(RH: 100%) and half-recommended(HRH: 50%) application rates of each herbicide. Half-recommended application rates were combined with 1 mL wood vinegar $500mL\;water^{-1}$(500) and 1 mL wood vinegar $1000mL\;water^{-1}$(1000) wood vinegar. Plots for no herbicide treatments were also prepared and used as control. Results showed that wood vinegar significantly increased efficacy of HRH in bensulfuron-methyl+butachlor while high efficacy was already obtained in HRH treatment of imazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb. Wood vinegar did not improve the efficacy of imazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb but improved rice yield. Significantly similar rice yields were obtained in the HRH+1000 WV and RH treatments of both herbicides. There were no significant variations in the yield components among the treatments; however, differences in yield can be attributed to the variations in the spikelet number and ripening ratio. Data on rice quality analysis did not show clear trend on the effects of the treatments on grain appearance and nutritional quality.

Virtual Screening of Tubercular Acetohydroxy Acid Synthase Inhibitors through Analysis of Structural Models

  • Le, Dung Tien;Lee, Hyun-Sook;Chung, Young-Je;Yoon, Moon-Young;Choi, Jung-Do
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제28권6호
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    • pp.947-952
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    • 2007
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen responsible for 2-3 million deaths every year worldwide. The emergence of drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has increased the need to identify new antituberculosis targets. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6), an enzyme involved in branched-chain amino acid synthesis, has recently been identified as a potential anti-tuberculosis target. To assist in the search for new inhibitors and “receptor-based” design of effective inhibitors of tubercular AHAS (TbAHAS), we constructed four different structural models of TbAHAS and used one of the models as a target for virtual screening of potential inhibitors. The quality of each model was assessed stereochemically by PROCHECK and found to be reliable. Up to 89% of the amino acid residues in the structural models were located in the most favored regions of the Ramachandran plot, which indicates that the conformation of each residue in the models is good. In the models, residues at the herbicide-binding site were highly conserved across 39 AHAS sequences. The binding mode of TbAHAS with a sulfonylurea herbicide was characterized by 32 hydrophobic interactions, the majority of which were contributed by residue Trp516. The model based on the highest resolution X-ray structure of yeast AHAS was used as the target for virtual screening of a chemical database containing 8300 molecules with a heterocyclic ring. We developed a short list of molecules that were predicted to bind with high scores to TbAHAS in a conformation similar to that of sulfonylurea derivatives. Five sulfonylurea herbicides that were calculated to efficiently bind TbAHAS were experimentally verified and found to inhibit enzyme activity at micromolar concentrations. The data suggest that this time-saving and costeffective computational approach can be used to discover new TbAHAS inhibitors. The list of chemicals studied in this work is supplied to facilitate independent experimental verification of the computational approach.

물달개비의 Acetolactate synthase (ALS) 유전자의 특성과 Sulfonylurea 제초제 저항성과 관련 돌연변의 분자생물학적 접근 (Characterization of the Acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene and Molecular Assay of Mutations Associated with Sulfonylurea Herbicide Resistance of Monochoria vaginalis)

  • 박태선;박홍규;구본일;김영두;고재권;이인용;박재읍
    • 농약과학회지
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.290-297
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 한국에서 발생하고 있는 설포닐우레아계 제초제 저항성 및 감수성 물달개비의 ALS 염기서열 분석에 의한 ALS 유전자의 특성과 제초제 저항성 메카니즘을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 감수성 및 저항성 두 계통의 biotype에서 815개의 염기서열을 분석하였다. 분석된 염기서열에서 감수성 biotype으로부터 4개 clone, 저항성 계통으로부터 15개 clone, 총 19개의 clone들을 크게 4 group으로 분류할 수 있었다. 첫 번째 group은 저항성 및 감수성 biotype의 ALS 유전자 염기서열이 차이가 없었으며, 두 번째 그룹은 아미노산 197번째의 proline이 DNA의 점돌연변이(point mutation)에 의해 serine으로 변화된 부분이다. 세 번째 group은 6곳에서 점돌연변이에 의한 아미노산치환이 발생하였으며, 네 번째 group는 첫 번째 group과 세 번째 group 중간적 특성으로 3곳에서 염기서열 점돌연변이에 의해 아미노산 치환이 있었다. 따라서 하나의 물달개비 식물체에서 여러 가지 형태의 ALS 유전자가 존재할 수 있으며, 물달개비 저항성 biotype의 ALS 유전자는 Domain A 부분에 있는 아미노산 197번째 proline이 염기서열 변화에 의해 serine으로 돌연변이 되었다.

충북지역 제초제 저항성 논잡초의 농가 관리실태 및 발생면적 조사 (A Survey on Farm Management and Occurrence Area of Herbicide Resistant Paddy Weeds in Chungbuk Province)

  • 김은정;박재성;이채영;임상철;송범헌
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2013
  • 충북지역 벼 재배양식 및 제초제 사용실태를 파악하고 이를 근거로 저항성잡초 발생면적 및 초종을 파악하여 올바른 저항성잡초에 대한 방제체계를 확립하고자 조사한 결과이다. 본 조사는 충북지역 벼 재배 260농가를 대상으로 재배형태와 제초제 사용실태, 저항성잡초 발생현황을 농가 설문조사 하였고, 충북지역 400지점의 논토양을 채취하여 저항성잡초 발생면적을 추정하였다. 충북지역 벼 재배 농가의 경우 99.6%가 기계이앙을 하고 있었으며 제초제 사용은 이앙 전과 이앙 후 10일 이내에 2회 사용하는 농가가 전체의 78%를 차지하였다. 사용시기별로 가장 많이 사용되는 제초제는 이앙 전에는 butachlor가 46.6%, 중기제초제는 mefenacet + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl이 10.7% 였다. 경엽처리 제초제의 경우 bentazone 단제 및 혼합제가 62%를 차지하였다. 충북지방 논에서 우점하는 잡초는 피로 16.2%이었으며, 올챙이고랭이는 12.2%, 물달개비는 11.9% 순으로 나타났다. 조사된 잡초 중 저항성을 나타낸 잡초는 올챙이고랭이가 20%로 가장 높았고, 물달개비 19.2%, 벗풀 12.8%, 피 12.2%의 순이었다. 충북지역 저항성잡초의 발생 비율은 2011~2012년 2회 조사 결과, 평균 26.8%로 충북지역 논 면적 중 13,167 ha에 해당되는 것이다. 충북의 시군별 발생면적은 청주청원지역이 4,164 ha로 가장 넓었고, 가장 문제가 되는 저항성잡초는 물달개비와 올챙이고랭이로 66~67%가 저항성으로 나타났다. 저항성 피의 발생비율도 2011년 9.5%에서 2012년 조사에서는 13.4%로 증가하였다.

Benzobicyclon 혼합제의 제형에 따른 제초활성 특성 (Herbicidal Efficacy Affected by Different Formulation of Benzobicyclon-Mixtures Herbicides in Paddy Rice Field)

  • 송재은;박매솔;정종희;박은희;정창국
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.384-393
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    • 2011
  • Benzobicyclon은 HPPD활성을 억제하여 plastoquinone의 생합성을 저해하며 최종적으로 carotenoid 합성을 억제하고 대상잡초는 백화현상(bleaching)을 거쳐 고사하게 된다. 본 시험은 저항성잡초에 대한 benzobicyclon의 제형별, 증량제 종류별 제초활성을 비교하기 위하여 실시하였다. 폿트 시험에서 SU계 제초제 저항성 올챙이고랭이에 대한 benzobicyclon의 제형별 제초활성은 SC가 GR보다 높게 나타났고 이러한 결과는 시험포장에서도 동일하였는데, 이는 SC의 평균입경이 GR보다 작기 때문이다. 또한 평균입경이 동일한 benzobicyclon 혼합제의 DT와 GR간의 제초활성은 차이는 용출속도에 의해 차이가 나타났다. Benzobicyclon 혼합제 GR를 분쇄방법을 통해 유효성분의 평균입경을 각각 다르게 하여 제초활성을 비교시 습식분쇄를 거쳐 평균입경을 작게 한 GR-II의 제초활성이 높았다. 또한 건식분쇄를 거쳐 증량제를 talc와 bentonite로 사용한 GR-I보다 증량제를 $CaCO_3$와 kaolin을 사용한 GR-III의 제초활성이 10% 높았다. Benzobicyclon 성분을 습식분쇄하여 제형화한 GR의 제초활성이 높은 이유는 benzobicyclon 성분의 평균 입경이 작아 유효성분의 용출이 신속하게 이루어졌기 때문이고, 증량제의 종류에 따른 용출 차이는 benzobicyclon의 광물질의 종류에 따라 흡착(결합)력이 다르기 때문이다. Benzobicyclon 혼합제의 스크린 사이즈가 1mm인 GR-I와 0.7mm인 GR-IV간의 효과차이는 10% 이내이었다.