• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.795-807
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine on the lipid and protein components or blood chemistry levels of the serum as well as the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female) liver. Acute test were conducted to determine those effects. The acute test was conducted by dividing rats into 7 groups according to the time lapsed after a single oral administration of 100mg/kg caffeine(that is control, 2hrs, 4hrs, 8hrs, 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs lapsed group). The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid, phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The concentrations of the carbonyl group, malondialdehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the serum, and total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rat liver. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. The concentrations of serum glucose were significantly higher(p<0.01) between 4(143.0mg/dl) and 8hrs(138.0mg/dl) in comparison to that of the control(101.1mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). While on the other, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio in comparison to those of the control. 2. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum were significantly higher(p<0.01) between 4(77.4mg/dl, total cholesterol) and 8hrs(64.7mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol) in comparison to those of the control(62.8, 46.7mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum were significantly lower(p<0.01) after 8hrs(38.8mg/dl) in comparison to that of the control(66.5mg/dl). 3. The activities of AST in serum was significantly higher(p<0.05) from 2hrs(149U/L) to 8hrs(178U/L) in comparison to the control(112U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). The activities of ALT in serum were significantly higher(p<0.01) at 4(45.5U/L), 24(49.3U/L), 48(46.8U/L) and 72 hrs(42.3U/L) in comparison to that of the control(39.7U/L) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the activities of ALP in comparison to that of the control. 4. The concentrations of free fatty acid in serum were significantly higher(p<0.01) at 8hrs(65.0mg/dl) in comparison to that of the control(37.6mg/dl) after a single oral administration of caffeine(100mg/kg). However, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of carbonyl group and malondialdehyde within serum, and liver homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in comparison to that of the control. 5. The patterns of SDS-PAGE in serum, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the liver showed no significant differences.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 1994

Cells of Acinetobacter sp. strain JC1 DSM 3803, an aerobic monoxide-oxidizing bacterium, growing on glucose exhibited high catalase activity at the mid-exponential growth phase. The enzyme activity decreased gradually after then until the early stationary phase, increased again at the mid-stationary phase, and then decreased again thereafter. Cells growing on glucose was found to contain three kinds of catalses. Cat1, Cat2 and Cat3. The activities of Cat1 and Cat3 did change significantly during growth, but that of Cat2 exhibited significant variation. Cat3 was found to present only in cells growing on glucose, but not in cells growing on carbon monoxide of methanol. The activities of call and Cat3 in cell-free extracts were stable upon treatment with ethanol and chloroform, but decreased to some extent when the enzymewere treated with 2mM $H_2O_2$ and/or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT). Cat2 was found to be extremely sensitive to the ethanol-chloroform and $H_2O_2$ treatments, but was insensitive to the AT treatment. Cat1 exhibited enzyme activity after incubation for 1 min at 80$^{\circ}C$. Cat2 and Cat3 did not show enzyme activity after incubation for 1 min at 60$^{\circ}C$ and 70$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Cat2 was found to have peroxidase activity. Cat3 was purified to homogenity in seven steps. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 150,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed two identical subunits of molecular weight 65,000. The enzyme was found to show two $K_m$ values of 39 mM and 58mM. The optimal pH for the enzyme activity was 7.0, but the activities at pH 6.0, 8.0, and 9.0, were found to be comparable to that at the optimal pH. The optimal temperature for the enzyme activity was found to be 40$^{\circ}C$. The enzyme also exhibited strong activity at 20$^{\circ}C$, 30$^{\circ}C$, and 50$^{\circ}C$. The purified enzyme was not affected by the ethanol-chloroform treatment. The enzyme, howerver, showed less than 10% of the original activity when it was treated with 12 mN AT, 0.1 mM $NaN_3$ of 1mM KCN.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.60-68
• /
• 2018

A cold-active and alkaline serine protease (Pro21717) was partially purified from the Antarctic marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas arctica PAMC 21717. On a zymogram gel containing skim milk, Pro21717 produced two distinct clear-zones of approximately 37 kDa (low intensity) and 74 kDa (high intensity). These were found to have identical N-terminal sequences, suggesting they arose from an identical precursor and that the 37 kDa protease might homodimerize to the more active 74 kDa form of the protein. Pro21717 displayed proteolytic activity at $0-40^{\circ}C$ (optimal temperature of $40^{\circ}C$) and maintained this activity at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimal pH of 9.0). Notably, relative activities of 30% and 45% were observed at $0^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, respectively, in comparison to the 100% activity observed at $40^{\circ}C$, and this enzyme showed a broad substrate range against synthetic peptides with a preference for proline in the cleavage reaction. Pro21717 activity was enhanced by $Cu^{2+}$ and remained stable in the presence of detergent surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate) and other chemical components ($Na_2SO_4$ and metal ions, such as $Ba^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Na^{2+}$), which are often included in commercial detergent formulations. These data indicate that the psychrophilic Pro21717 has properties comparable to the well-characterized mesophilic subtilisin Carlsberg, which is commercially produced by Novozymes as the trademark Alcalase. Thus it has the potential to be used as a new additive enzyme in laundry detergents that must work well in cold tap water below $15^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.307-315
• /
• 1988

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of fertilizer-N and co-inoculation of the Rhizobium japonicum and the Azospirillum lipoferum on nodulation, $N_2$-fixation, and growth of soybean under in situ conditions. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The yield of soybean dry matter was significantly greater in the R. japonicum alone, and the mixed inoculation of R. japonicum and A. lipoferum than those of un-inoculation. But inoculum applied by different strains did not significant effect on plant growth. The effects of nitrogen applied on soybean dry matter were higher in the ammonium sulfate than potassium nitrate, and decreased with increasing rates of two forms of nitrogen applied regardless of nitrogen source. 2. Acetylene redution activity was more increased in a single inoculation of R. japonicum than those of the mixed inoculation of the R. japonicum and the A. lipoferum, in cases of Danyeup cultivar, regardless of the form of combined nitrogen used. 3. Nodule mass and total nitrogenase activity per plant showed the positively significant effect in the interrelationship between dry matter of soybean and some factors related to nitrogen fixation efficiency. 4. The highest symbiotic effect in Danyeup cultivar was obtained when a single R. japonicum 84 Dy-1 strain was inoculated and fertilized with 18 mM potassium nitrate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.289-295
• /
• 1988

An ordinary paddy variety Hwaseong and a high-yielding variety Samgang were taken under investigation to test the effect of top dressing of newly formulated three compound fertilizers on rice plants for at sprouting heads. The fertilizer formulate used were C. F. I (14-0-14; $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$) and C. F. II (14-0-14; $NH_4-N$ only) and C. F. III (14-0-14 + OM 10%; $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$). A field experiment was conducted on a plot of Gyuam series. The following results were obtained: 1. Effects of compound fertilizers at sprouting heads a. Hwaseong variety exhibited 5-10% yielding increases on the plots with application of 2nd compound fertilizer (I) and (II) compared to straight fertilizer of (I) and (III). Fertilization with 2nd and 3rd compound fertilizers gave the best result when they are done 15 days before heading. A yield increase of 3-5% was achieved when the fertilization was done 20 days before heading in the case of Samgang variety, but no beneficial effect was observed with an application 10 days before heading. b. Rate of barren grains was at the minimum in the compound fertilizer (II) plots of both Hwaseong and Samgang varieties. c. Content of $NO_3-N$ in soils and grain yield appeared to be positively correlated($r=0.618^*$) 2. Effects of heading fertilizers on artificially reduced conditions of soil a. No significant difference in Eh values were measured among reduced paddy soils. The compound fertilizer of (II) presented the best result in yield increases regardless of rice variety. b. Rate of barren grains in both varieties was observed at the minimum on the application of compound fertilizer of (II). c. No great difference of mineral contents was detected among plants from different treatments.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of new foot-bath facility and detergent solution (sodium molylbdenate, citrate, potassium nitrate, tataric acid, sodium hypo-cholorite, and zinc sulfate) on claw health in lactating dairy cows. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of copper sulphate were 0.31% for E. coli and Bacillus isolated from cows claw. The MIC and MBC of new detergent for E. coli were 1.25% and 5%, respectively, however their respectively values for Bacillus were noticed 0.63% and 2.5%. Both 5E. coli and Bacillus populations in petri-dishes were significantly reduced (more than 95%) with the application of new detergent solution (5% or 16%). Locomotion score (LS 1-5; very good to severely bad) of lactating cows were significantly improved with in 30 days with the use of new detergent solution in foot bath. The LS2 (n=16), LS3 (n=16), and LS4 (n=7) were shown 100%, 43.8%, and 14.3% recovery rate within 30 days with the use of new detergent solution. However, LS5 (n=2) were not recovered to normal claw health and locomotion score within 30 days of new detergent application. Usage of new detergent solution for 60 days in a foot bath have shown 81.3%, 71.4% and 50.0% recovery rate in cows with LS3, LS4 and LS5, respectively. Abnormal claw incidence was reduced from 18.8% to 1.5% in overall herd (n=80) with the use of new detergent solution (16%) in a foot bath for 90 days. In conclusion, usage of 16% of our detergent solution for 60 days in a foot bath can significantly improve the cow claw health and thus mitigate the negative effects of abnormal claw on productivity of cows and dairy farm income.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.272-280
• /
• 2015

A simultaneous official method was developed for the determination of phorate and its metabolites (phorate sulfoxide, phorate sulfone, phorate oxon, phorate oxon sulfoxide, phorate oxon sulfone) in livestock samples. The analytes were quantified and confirmed via liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Phorate and its metabolites were extracted from beef and milk samples with acidified acetonitrile (containing 1% acetic acid) and partitioned with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Then, the extract was purified through primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18 dispersive sorbent. Matrix matched calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges (0.005-0.5 mg/L) for all the analytes into blank extract with $r^2$ > 0.996. For validation purposes, recovery studies were carried out at three different concentration levels (beef 0.004, 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg; milk 0.008, 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg, n = 5). The recoveries were within 79.2-113.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 19.2% for all analytes. All values were consistent with the criteria ranges requested in the Codex guidelines. The limit of quantification was quite lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (0.05 mg/kg). The proposed analytical method was accurate, effective and sensitive for phorate and its metabolites determination and it will be used to as an official analytical method in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate meat quality and sensory characteristics between castrated and non-castrated dairy goats. Dairy goat of Saanen breeds was slaughtered at an age of 6 mon. Then, characteristics of dairy goat meat were analyzed to chemical compositions, collagen content, pH, meat color, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, shear force, protein solubility, and myofibrillar protein fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Also, odor from dairy goat meats was analyzed by sensory evaluation and volatile substances by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, the chemical compositions and physicochemical characteristics were not significantly different between castrated and non-castrated dairy goats meat. Also, there is no difference protein solubility (sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar and total protein) and protein fraction by SDS-PAGE. Sensory evaluation results in odour scores are highly (p<0.05) non-castration dairy goat meat better than castration. As a result, overall palatability was higher (p<0.05) in castrated goat meat when compared with non-castrated one. The indole and octadecanoic acid by GC-MS based on sensory evaluation results were only detected in non-castrated dairy goat meat. Therefore, distribution for goat meats castrated compared to non-castrated dairy goat meat is expected to be able to get a good response to the Korean consumer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.64 no.3
• /
• pp.225-233
• /
• 2019

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of mixed seed sowing and flour blending on the uniformity of flour quality of Korean domestic wheat. Two wheat varieties (Keumkang and Baegjoong) were selected for sowing mixed seeds, and their growth characteristics and flour quality were analyzed. Quality of flour blending with the same varieties was also evaluated. The ratios for mixed seed sowing and flour blending were from 0 to 100% with a 10% increase of interval for each treatment. On increasing the portion of Baegjoong in mixed seed sowing, the heading time was a little delayed, however, yield increased. The results of the flour quality showed lower damaged starch content and sodium carbonate SRC (solvent retention capacity) value for Keumkang than for Baegjoong. Protein quantity by protein content and quality by SDSS (Sodium Dodecyle Sulfate-Sedimentation) volume, lactic acid SRC, and mixograph pattern of Keumkang were superior to those of Baegjoong. Compared with mixed seed sowing, overall quality characteristics of flours with different ratios showed predictable and proportional change by flour blending. This demonstrated the successful application of flour blending, compared with mixed seed sowing, for improving the uniformity of flour quality.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.4 s.54
• /
• pp.289-293
• /
• 2005

Nowadays there are many sun protection cosmetics including organic or inorganic UV filter as an active ingredient. Chemically stable inorganic sunsEreen agents, usually metal oxides, we widely employed in high SPF products. Titanium dioxide is one of the most frequently used inorganic UV filters. It has been used as pigments for a long period of cosmetic history. With the development of micronization techniques, it becomes possible to incorporate titanium dioxide in sunscreen formulations without whitening effect and it becomes an important research topic. However, there are very few works related to quantitations of titanium dioxide in sunscreen products. In this research, we analyzed amounts of titanium dioxide in sunscreen cosmetics by adapting redof titration, reduction of Ti(IV) to Ti(III) and reoxidation to Ti(IV). After calcification of other organic ingredients of cosmetics, titanium dioxide is dissolved by hot sulfuric acid. The dissolved Ti(IV) is reduced to the Ti(III) by adding aluminum metals. The reduced Ti(III) is titrated against a standard oxidizing agent, Fe(III) (ammonium iron(III) sulfate), with potassium thiocyanate as an indicator In order to test accuracy and applicability of the proposed method, we analyzed the amounts of titanium dioxide in four types of sunscreen cosmetics, such as cream, make-up base, foundation and powder, after adding known amounts of titanium dioxide $(1{\sim}25w/w%)$. The percent recoveries of the titanium dioxide in four types of formulations were in the range between 96 and 105%. We also analyzed 7 commercial cosmetic products labeled titanium dioxide as an ingredient and compared the results with those of obtained from ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry), one of the most powerful atomic analysis techniques. The results showed that the titrated amounts were well coincided with the analyzed amounts of titanium dioxide by ICP-AES. Although instrumental analytical methods, ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) and ICP-AES, are the best for the analysis of titanium, it is hard to adopt because of their high prices for small cosmetic companies. It was found that the volumetric method presented here gat e quantitative and reliable results with routine lab-wares and chemicals.