• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2023

This research aimed to evaluate the durability of Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) wood treated with boron preservatives, citric acid (CA), and heating against termites. Wood samples were impregnated firstly with 5% boron solutions, such as boric acid, borax and boric acid + borax combination at 1:1 (w/w). The second impregnation used 5% CA. The impregnations were conducted in a pressure tank at 7 kg/cm² for 4 hours. After impregnation, the samples were heat treated at 80℃ or 160℃. All the treated and control samples were exposed to decay fungi, drywood termites and subterranean termites based on SNI 7207:2014 standard. The results showed that boron preservatives reduced fungal attacks on Samama wood. The combination treatment of boric acid, CA and heat treatment at 160℃ was also effective to increase the resistance of Samama wood against white- and brown rot fungi, and drywood termites. Heat treatment consistently improved the resistance of Samama wood from decay fungi.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.144-169
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• 1993

As a result, a study of honshu(本輸) theory of Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑) was led to the next conclusions. 1. In Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑), the connection of bonshu(本輸) flows and jingmai(經脈)'s can be compared to that of the earth's surface water flows and subterranean's. Bonshu(本輸) exists on qi flows which is formed in consquence of running over of twelve jingqi(經氣) and fifteenth luoqi(絡氣) in four extremities. 2. While jingluo(經絡) is composed of twelve mai(脈), bonshu(本輸) is composed of eleven mai(脈), it is because xin(心) has no disease and also has no bonshu(本輸). Bonshu(本輸) is used to treat disease of viscera and entrails, and frequently used in autumn and winter, also used when the outer layer or the inner layer of human body is become a fighting area of zhengxie(正邪). Physiologically, jingmai(經脈) nourishes the whole body and it's acting is prospered in four extremities. Bonshu(本輸) flows is just described as the process of gathering and storing the fruits of jingmai(經脈)'s acting. 3. In wuxing(五行) attachment of bonshu(本輸), from a ti(體) point of view, jing(井) xing(榮) shu(兪) jing(經) he(合) is oderly attached to shui(水) mu(木) huo(火) tu(土) jin(金), and from a yong(用) point of view, which is divided into two, bonshu(本輸) of yang(陽) area is oderly attached to jin(金) shui(水) mu(木) huo(火) tu(土), while bonshu(本輸) of yin(陰) area is oderly attached to mu(木) huo(火) tu(土) jin(金) shui(水). 4. Huangfu mi(皇甫 謐) had stated the bonshu(本輸) of xin(心) in Jiayijing(甲乙經), his writings, and therefore have faded the meaning of the concept of Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑)'s "only xin(心) has no bonshu(本輸)". Hua shou(滑 壽) had stated bonshu(本輸) in oder of jingmai(經脈) flows in his writings, Shisijingfahui(十四經發揮) and therefore completely have faded the meaning of Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑)'s bonshu(本輸).

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2008

건설폐기물의 처리는 국가 사회적 문제로 제기되고 있으며 순환골재의 생산과정에서 발생하는 미분말은 전량 폐기 매립되고 있다. 미분말의 유해성을 분석한 결과 세포독성을 함유하고 있어 토양 및 지하수오염 등 2차 오염을 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 미분말을 재활용하기 위한 방법으로 콘크리트의 혼화재로 활용하고자 시멘트 대신 미분말을 혼입한 콘크리트의 역학적 특성과 작업성을 비교 분석하였다. 콘크리트의 실험 결과에서, 혼화제를 적절히 사용하면 미분말을 시멘트 대신 20% 이하 치환한 경우 콘크리트에 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 고강도 콘크리트에서도 적용할 수 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2008

Protein-energy malnutrition is regarded as one of the public health problems in developing countries as a result of poor feeding practices due to poverty. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating nutritional quality of a potential weaning food formulated from locally available food materials. The cooking banana fruit(CB) and bambara groundnut seeds(BG) were purchased from local market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The CB and BG were processed into flours, mixed in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 and subjected into proximate, sensory and biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Nutrend(a commercial formula) and ogi(corn gruel, a traditional weaning food) were used as control. The nutritient composition(g/100 g) of the food samples were ranged as follows: moisture 2.94-6.94, protein 7.02-16.0, ash 1.76-2.99, fat 0.76-8.45, fibre 1.52-3.75, carbohydrate 63.84-88.43 and energy 1569.8-1665.7 kcal. The biological value(BV), net protein retention(NPR), protein efficiency ratio(PER) and feed efficiency ratio(FER) of the experimental food samples were significantly(p<0.05) lower than nutrend, but higher than ogi. The haematological variables of rats fed with formulated food samples, commercial formula(nutrend) and traditional weaning food(ogi) were not significantly(p>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. However, the values obtained for red blood cell(RBC), white blood cell(WBC), pack cell volume(PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) were higher in the experimental food samples than the commercial food. The growth rate of animals fed with experimental food samples were lower than those fed with the nutrend, but higher than those fed with ogi. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of CB and fermented BG mix of 60:40 ratio was better than ogi; and comparable to the nutrend. This implies that it can be used to replace low quality traditional weaning food and the expensive commercial weaning formula.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2005년도 추계학술대회지
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• pp.185-190
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• 2005

본 연구는 제한된 예산에서 최대의 효율을 얻기 위해서 여러 대안 중에서 최적의 상수원 확보 방안을 결정하는 것이다. 상수원 할당 문제를 다루기 위해서는 해수 담수화 시설, 지하수 개발, 저수지개발, 해저관로 설치, 급수선, 해상 상수원 비축기지와 같은 제안된 여러 대안들이 있다. 본 논문에서는 가장 합리적인 대안을 결정하기 위하여 새로운 모델인 0-1정수계획모형이 제안된다. 제안된 모형은 지금까지 최적 상수원 확보 문제에 적용된 사례가 없다. 본 논문은 최소의 예산으로 가장 합리적인 대안을 결정하는데 기여할 뿐만 아니라 제안된 모형은 타 지역의 상수원 확보 문제에도 적용할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.323-337
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• 2018

Merkusii pine wood (Pinus merkusii) was extensively planted throughout Indonesia, where it is only indigenous in northern Sumatera, by the Dutch during colonial times. The demand for this wood species, especially in the domestic market, has increased notably, despite its limited durability regarding decay resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of juvenile and mature wood on merkusii pine and to analyze its radial features from pith to bark based on density, shrinkage, static bending in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, fiber length, microfibril angle, and durability. A segmented modeling approach was used to find the juvenile-mature transition. The graveyard test was performed to characterize the termite resistance from pith to bark of merkusii pine. The maturations were estimated to start at radial increments of 15 cm from the pith by fiber length and of 12 cm from the pith by microfibril angle. The projected figures for the proportion of juvenile wood at breast height were around 65%. The results also indicate that the pine wood was $0.52g/cm^3$ in density, 1.45 in coefficient of anisotropy, which indicates its good stability, 7597 MPa in modulus of elasticity, and 63 MPa in modulus of rupture. Natural durability against subterranean termite of the merkusii pine wood was rated to be grade 4 to 0 from pith to bark. However, after being treated by Entiblu and Enborer preservatives, its rating increased to grade 10 to 9.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.251-251
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• 2017

This study was performed to select the soil covering materials for winter safety of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley and to investigate the effect on the growth after overwinter. Soil covering materials such as vinyl, rice straw, lagging cover, vinyl+lagging cover, and non-covering were investigated how effect on overwintering rate, growth and yield of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley. In changes of soil temperature according to the soil covering materials, non-covering treatment was recorded the highest to $26.7^{\circ}C$, and lagging cover and rice straw showed little change of soil temperature with 9.2 and $9.3^{\circ}C$, respectively. Regrowth rates of early growth after overwinter were lowered in the order as rice straw > vinly+lagging cover > lagging cover > vinyl > non-covering. From the above-ground growth by soil covering materials, vine length showed similar growth in all treatments except vinyl covering and stem diameter exhibited the thicker pattern in vinyl and lagging cover, and there was no significant difference among treatments in number of branch. Flowering period is recorded July 30 in all treatments and ripening period is October 16. Yield of seed production is showed the best in vinyl+lagging cover with $25g/m^2$. Root weight and root length for subterranean growth showed no significant differences among all treatments. Yield is produced the highest in vinyl+lagging cover with 433kg/10a and the next to lagging cover with 431kg/10a. In comparison with incomes, lagging cover earned to 9,882 thousand won/10a, showed the effect on income enlargement to 21%, compare to that of the non-covering.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2017

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of micropropagated and mycorrhized alpinia plants to the parasite Meloidogyne arenaria. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement of four inoculation treatments with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Gigaspora albida, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Acaulospora longula, and a non-inoculated control) in the presence or absence of M. arenaria with five replicates. The following characteristics were evaluated after 270 days of mycorrhization and 170 days of M. arenaria inoculation: height, number of leaves and tillers, fresh mass of aerial and subterranean parts, dry mass of aerial parts, foliar area, nutritional content, mycorrhizal colonization, AMF sporulation, and the number of galls, egg masses, and eggs. The results indicated a significant interaction between the treatments for AMF spore density, total mycorrhizal colonization, and nutrient content (Zn, Na, and N), while the remaining parameters were influenced by either AMF or nematodes. Plants inoculated with A. longula or C. etunicatum exhibited greater growth than the control. Lower N content was observed in plants inoculated with AMF, while Zn and Na were found in larger quantities in plants inoculated with C. etunicatum. Fewer galls were observed on mycorrhized plants, and egg mass production and the number of eggs were lower in plants inoculated with G. albida. Plants inoculated with A. longula showed a higher percentage of total mycorrhizal colonization in the presence of the nematode. Therefore, the association of micropropagated alpinia plants and A. longula enhanced tolerance to parasitism by M. arenaria.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제34권s02호
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2018

The spread of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the community is one of the main challenges for antibiotic treatment of community-onset infections. We evaluated the microbiological and molecular characteristics of stool samples from adults with comprehensive health examinations. Of 109 fecal samples, bacterial growth was observed in 86 samples and 61 gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified, of which 45 were Escherichia coli isolates (73.8%). Two isolates of Raoultella showed imipenem resistance, and both E. coli and Citrobacter freundii showed intermediate resistance to imipenem. Colistin resistance was identified in isolates of Klebsiella variicola and Salmonella subterranean, but no isolates carried mcr-1. As for E. coli genotypes, 35 sequence types were identified. $bla_{TEM-1}$, $bla_{TEM-30}$, and $bla_{CTX-M}$ were identified in 15, 1, and 4 E. coli isolates, respectively. In addition, all four Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carried $bla_{SHV}$. Many genotypes that have been identified in isolates causing human infections were found in isolates in this study. There is a need to control the rise and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens by fecal carriage.