• Title/Summary/Keyword: subsurface materials

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GEOTECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT SURVEY (2) (고심도 지반환경 조사 - 비파괴 물리탐사의 적용 (2))

  • HoWoongShon;SeungHeeLee;HyungSooKim
    • Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.261-268
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    • 2003
  • Lots of various utilities are buried under the surface. The effective management of underground utilities is becoming the very important subject for the harmonious administration of the city. Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) survey including other various underground survey methods, is mainly used to detect the position and depth of buried underground utilities. However, GPR is not applicable, under the circumstances of shallow depth and places, where subsurface materials are inhomogeneous and are composed of clay, salt and gravels. The aim of this study is to overcome these limitations of GPR and other underground surveys. High-frequency electromagnetic (HFEM) method is developed for the non-destructive precise deep surveying of underground utilities. The method is applied in the site where current underground surveys are useless to detect the underground big pipes, because of poor geotechnical environment. As a result, HFEM survey was very successful in detecting the buried shallow and deep underground pipes and in obtaining the geotechnical information, although other underground surveys including GPR were not applicable. Therefore this method is a promising new technique in the lots of fields, such as underground surveying and archaeology.

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Application of Geophysical Exploration Methods to Seepage Bone Investigation of Dam Structures (제방누수조사에의 물리탐사기법의 활용(쌍극자배열 전기비저항탐사와 SP탐사를 중심으로))

  • Won Jong-Geun;Song Sung-Ho
    • 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 1999.08a
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    • pp.240-257
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    • 1999
  • More than 16 percent of the total 18,032 reservoirs over the country were reported to have leakage problems and need to be improved. Recently, a great deal of progress was made in geophysical survey techniques, particularly in electrical resistivity, and the techniques are used for variety of Purposes in groundwater and dam management due to its economical advantages. This document describes the re-evaluation of existing resistivity data including newly surveyed data, mapping of modeled value in 2-D analysis to locate seepage pathways, This contains also discussion results of more than eighteen years of professional experiences in the field of dam efficiency improvement. In comparison of surface resistivity data with several soil analysis data in laboratory, it is evident that the surface resistivity value shows a qualitative proportionality with the sand contents of the filling materials in earth dam. The result from the study also indicates that the SP method in subsurface investigation is effective to detect seepage in earth filled dam as well as piping through rock/earthfill dike.

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Electrokinetic Extraction of Pollutants from the Vicinity of Unregulated Landfill Site (동전기적 추출에 의한 비위생매립지 주변 오염지반의 정화)

  • Lee, MyungHo;Chung, Ha-Ik
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.17-22
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    • 2006
  • This paper presents preliminary field investigations on the electrokinetic (EK) remediation coupled with permeable reactive barrier (PRB) system. unregulated and old-fashioned landfills are one of the primary contributors to various contaminated soil problems. In-situ EK remediation technology has been successfully applied to the environs of unregulated landfill site, located in Kyeong-Ki province, Korea. Atomizing slag was adopted as a PRB reactive material for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with inorganic and/or organic substances. From the preliminary investigations, the coupled technology of EK with PRB system would be effecitve to remeidate contaminated grounds without the extraction of pollutants from subsurface due to the reactions between the reactive materials and contaminants.

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Analysis of Mean Deviation in Sliding-wear-rate of Carbon Steel with Various Pearlite Volume Fractions (탄소강의 펄라이트 분율에 따른 미끄럼 마멸속도 편차 분석)

  • Kim, M.G.;Gwon, H.;Hur, H.L.;Kim, Y.-S.
    • Transactions of Materials Processing
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.205-211
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    • 2015
  • The current investigation was performed to study sliding-wear-rate deviation (wear-rate data scatter) in carbon steels with various microstructures. Pure iron, 0.2 wt. % C steel, 0.45 wt. % C steel, and bearing steel (AISI52100) were used for the investigation. These steels possess different microstructures. Microstructures of the pure iron, two carbon steel and the bearing steel were full ferrite, ferrite + pearlite and full pearlite, respectively. Depending on the carbon content, the carbon steel had different pearlite-volume fractions. Dry sliding wear tests of the steel were conducted using a ball-on-disk wear tester at a sliding speed of 0.1 m/s using a bearing ball (AISI52100) as a counterpart. Applied load and sliding distance were 100 N and 300 m, respectively. More than three (up to twelve) tests were conducted for each steel under the same conditions, and the mean deviations in the wear rate of the steel (microstructure) were compared. The wear-rate deviation in the steel with ferrite + pearlite microstructure was higher than that with ferrite microstructure, and the deviation decreased with the increase of pearlite volume fraction. The pure iron and the bearing steel specimens showed much less deviation. The high deviation observed from the ferrite + pearlite steel was attributed to irregular subsurface-crack nucleation and growth at the interface between the two micro constituents (ferrite and pearlite) during the wear test.

Manganese in Seawaters of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctic (남극 아문젠해에서 해수 중 Mn의 분포 특성)

  • Jang, Dongjun;Choi, Mansik;Park, Jongkyu;Park, Kyungkyu;Hong, Jinsol;Lee, Sanghoon;Jung, Jinyoung
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.63-77
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    • 2019
  • In order to investigate the behavior and seasonal variability of Mn as one of the bio-essential metals in the Amundsen sea, which is known as the most biologically productive coastal area around the Antartica, seawaters were collected using a clean sampling system for 10 stations (96 ea) in 2014 (ANA04B) and for 12 stations (139 ea) in 2016 (ANA06B) surveys of RV ARAON. Dissolved and particulate Mn concentration varied in the range of 0.15-4.43 nmol/kg and <0.01 to 2.42 nM in 2014 and in the range of 0.25-4.15 nmol/kg and 0.01-2.64 nM in 2016, respectively. From the sectional distribution of dissolved and particulate Mn, it might be suggested that dissolved/particulate Mn was provided from iceberg melting and diffusion/resuspension from sediments, respectively. Although this sea is highly productive, there was little evidence regarding the biological origin of dissolved Mn, but particulate Mn only in sea ice and offshore areas could be explained as originating from organic matters, e.g. phytoplanktons. And it could be suggested that the subsurface maximum of dissolved Mn was formed by isopycnal transport of melting materials from ice wall to offshore. Compared to early (2014) summer, temperature, salinity, biomass, dissolved and particulate Mn in late (2016) summer indicated that temporal variations might be resulted from the reduction of ice melting and mCDW flow, which induced a reduction in resuspension. In addition, in the late summer, particles including biomass were reduced, which brought about a reduction in the removal rate of dissolved Mn.

A Technical Review on Principles and Practices of Self-potential Method Based on Streaming Potential (흐름 전위에 기초한 자연 전위 탐사법의 원리 및 활용)

  • Song, Seo Young;Nam, Myung Jin
    • Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.231-243
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    • 2018
  • Streaming potential (SP) arises from fluid flow through effectively connected pores. From this potential, formation water information as well as fluid flow properties can be estimated. As micro particles being located in boundary between subsurface porous media and fluid are charged to form electrical double layer, fluid flow caused by several reasons generates SP, one of electrokinetic phenomena. Occurrence mechanism of SP is complex and signal strength is relatively weak compared to noise. However, application of self potential survey using SP to monitoring of formation fluid is expanding because of its' convenience of exploration without artificial source and repetitiveness of signal. This paper accounts for the occurrence mechanism of SP studied before, including governing equations and analyzes previous various case studies of SP according to the change of physical properties of materials. It helps to increase understanding about SP and also lays the foundations of the application of SP to fields.

Polarimetry of Three Asteroids in Comet-Like Orbits (ACOs)

  • Geem, Jooyeon;Ishiguro, Masateru;Bach, Yoonsoo P.;Kuroda, Daisuke;Naito, Hiroyuki;Hanayama, Hidekazu;Kim, Yoonyoung;Kwon, Yuna G.;Jin, Sunho;Sekiguchi, Tomohiko;Okazaki, Ryo;Vaubaillon, Jeremie J.;Imai, Masataka;Ono, Tatsuharu;Futamuts, Yuki;Takagi, Seiko;Sato, Mitsuteru;Kuramoto, Kiyoshi;Watanabe, Makoto
    • The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.65-65
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    • 2019
  • Near-Earth objects consist of a mixture of bodies originated from outer solar system and main asteroidal belt, which are recognized as comets and near-Earth asteroids. In principal, they have orbits distinguishable by their orbital elements. It is, however, that some comets are recognized as asteroids because they could have lost the most of volatile materials in their subsurface layers. Due to their asteroidal appearances, it has been challenging to discriminate such dormant comets from a list of known asteroids. Here we propose to utilize polarimetric technique for finding such dormant comets. We thus conducted a polarimetric observations of three candidates of dormant comet nuclei, (331471) 1984 QY1, (3552) Don Quixote and (944) Hidalgo, by using the 1.6-m Pirka Telescope at the Nayoro observatory (operated by Hokkaido University, Japan). We selected these asteroids in comet-like orbits (ACOs) based on the orbital elements (i.e., the Tisserand parameter with respect to Jupiter TJ < 3). We found that 1984 QY1 has a polarimetric albedo (geometric albedo determined via polarimetry) pV = 0.16 +/- 0.06 while both Don Quixote and Hidalgo have Rc-band polarimetric albedos pR < 0.05. In accordance with the polarimetric result together with a dynamical analysis, we surmised that 1984 QY1 could be an S-type asteroid evolved into the current orbit via 3:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter. On the contrary, the previous spectroscopic studies indicated that Don Quixote and Hidalgo are classified into D-type taxonomic group, which are typical of comet nuclei. In this presentation, we will introduce our polarimetric observations of ACOs and emphasize that polarimetry is powerful for discriminating the asteroidal and cometary origins.

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Grouting Properties using Thixotropic Material and Vibration Impact Method (가소성 그라우트 재료와 진동 및 충격을 부여하는 공법에 의한 지반개량 특성)

  • Keeseok Kim;Haseog Kim;Bong-hyun Baek;Simhun Yuk
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.37-47
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    • 2024
  • In grouting, the LW method is commonly employed to induce the gelation of cementitious material using water glass, thereby restricting the extent of material injection. Nevertheless, challenges manifest when materials are lost before gelation, particularly in regions with high groundwater flow rates or significant subsurface voids. This study developed a thixotropic grout material using LFS and GGBFS to mitigate material loss during injection, with an assessment of its flow characteristics, durability in marine exposure, strength, and injection properties. The outcomes revealed that the thixotropic grout material exhibited flow ranging from 105 to 143 mm and enhanced strength and durability compared to the LW method. Furthermore, field tests substantiated that applying vibration and impact improved impermeability.

Characteristics and classification of paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains (김제만경평야(金堤萬頃平野)의 답토양특성(沓土壤特性)과 그 분류(分類)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Shin, Yong Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.1-38
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    • 1972
  • This study, designed to establish a classification system of paddy soils and suitability groups on productivity and management of paddy land based on soil characteristics, has been made for the paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains. The morphological, physical and chemical properties of the 15 paddy soil series found on these plains are briefly as follows: Ten soil series (Baeggu, Bongnam, Buyong, Gimje, Gongdeog, Honam, Jeonbug, Jisan, Mangyeong and Suam) have a B horizon (cambic B), two soil series (Geugrag and Hwadong) have a Bt horizon (argillic B), and three soil series (Gwanghwal, Hwagye and Sindab) have no B or Bt horizons. Uniquely, both the Bongnam and Gongdeog series contain a muck layer in the lower part of subsoil. Four soil series (Baeggu, Gongdeog, Gwanghwal and Sindab) generally are bluish gray and dark gray, and eight soil series (Bongnam, Buyong, Gimje, Honam, Jeonbug, Jisan, Mangyeong and Suam) are either gray or grayish brown. Three soil series (Geugrag, Hwadong and Hwagye), however, are partially gleyed in the surface and subsurface, but have a yellowish brown to brown subsoil or substrata. Seven soil series (Bongnam, Buyong, Geugrag, Gimje, Gongdeog, Honam and Hwadong) are of fine clayey texture, three soil series (Baeggu, Jeonbug and Jisan) belong to fine loamy and fine silty, three soil series (Gwanghwal, Mangyeong and Suam) to coarse loamy and coarse silty, and two soil series (Hwagye and Sindab) to sandy and sandy skeletal texture classes. The carbon content of the surface soil ranges from 0.29 to 2.18 percent, mostly 1.0 to 2.0 percent. The total nitrogen content of the surface soil ranges from 0.03 to 0.25 percent, showing a tendency to decrease irregularly with depth. The C/N ratio in the surface soil ranges from 4.6 to 15.5, dominantly from 8 to 10. The C/N ratio in the subsoil and substrata, however, has a wide range from 3.0 to 20.25. The soil reaction ranges from 4.5 to 8.0. All soil series except the Gwanghwal and Mangyeong series belong to the acid reaction class. The cation exchange cpacity in the surface soil ranges from 5 to 13 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil, and in all the subsoil and substrata except those of a sandy texture, from 10 to 20 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. The base saturation of the soil series except Baeggu and Gongdeog is more than 60 percent. The active iron content of the surface soil ranges from 0.45 to 1.81 ppm, easily-reduceable manganese from 15 to 148 ppm, and available silica from 36 to 366 ppm. The iron and manganese are generally accumulated in a similar position (10 to 70cm. depth), and silica occurs in the same horizon with that of iron and manganese, or in the deeper horizons in the soil profile. The properties of each soil series extending from the sea shore towards the continental plains change with distance and they are related with distance (x) as follows: y(surface soil, clay content) = $$-0.2491x^2+6.0388x-1.1251$$ y(subsoil or subsurface soil, clay content) = $$-0.31646x^2+7.84818x-2.50008$$ y(surface soil, organic carbon content) = $$-0.0089x^2+0.2192x+0.1366$$ y(subsoil or subsurface soil, pH) = $$-0.0178x^2-0.04534x+8.3531$$ Soil profile development, soil color, depositional and organic layers, soil texture and soil reaction etc. are thought to be the major items that should be considered in a paddy soil classification. It was found that most of the soils belonging to the moderately well, somewhat poorly and poorly drained fine and medium textured soils and moderately deep fine textured soils over coarse materials, produce higher paddy yields in excess of 3,750 kg/ha. and most of the soils belonging to the coarse textured soils, well drained fine textured soils, moderately deep medium textured soils over coarse materials and saline soils, produce yields less than 3,750kg/ha. Soil texture of the profile, available soil depth, salinity and gleying of the surface and subsurface soils etc. seem to be the major factors determining rice yields, and these factors are considered when establishing suitability groups for paddy land. The great group, group, subgroup, family and series are proposed for the classification categories of paddy soils. The soil series is the basic category of the classification. The argillic horizon (Bt horizon) and cambic horizon (B horizon) are proposed as two diagnostic horizons of great group level for the determination of the morphological properties of soils in the classification. The specific soil characteristics considered in the group and subgroup levels are soil color of the profile (bluish gray, gray or yellowish brown), salinity (salic), depositonal (fluvic) and muck layers (mucky), and gleying of surface and subsurface soils (gleyic). The family levels are classified on the basis of soil reaction, soil texture and gravel content of the profile. The definitions are given on each classification category, diagnostic horizons and specific soil characteristics respectively. The soils on these plains are classified in eight subgroups and examined under the existing classification system. Further, the suitability group, can be divided into two major categories, suitability class and subclass. The soils within a suitability class are similar in potential productivity and limitation on use and management. Class 1 through 4 are distinguished from each other by combination of soil characteristics. Subclasses are divided from classes that have the same kind of dominant limitations such as slope(e), wettness(w), sandy(s), gravels(g), salinity(t) and non-gleying of the surface and subsurface soils(n). The above suitability classes and subclasses are examined, and the definitions are given. Seven subclasses are found on these plains for paddy soils. The classification and suitability group of 15 paddy soil series on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains may now be tabulated as follows.

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Microbial Reduction of Iron Oxides and Removal of TCE using the Iron Reduced by Iron Reducing Bacteria (철 환원 박테리아에 의한 산화철의 환원과 환원된 철을 이용한 TCE 제거에 관한 연구)

  • Shin, Hwa-Young;Park, Jae-Woo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.123-129
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    • 2005
  • In situ permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technologies have been proposed to reductively remove organic contaminants from the subsurface environment. The major reactive material, zero valent iron ($Fe^0$), is oxidized to ferrous iron or ferric iron in the barriers, resulting in the decreased reactivity. Iron-reducing bacteria can reduce ferric iron to ferrous iron and iron reduced by these bacteria can be applied to dechlorinate chlorinated organic contaminants. Iron reduction by iron reducing bacteria, Shewanella algae BrY, was observed both in aqueous and solid phase and the enhancement of TCE removal by reduced iron was examined in this study. S. algae BrY preferentially reduced Fe(III) in ferric citrate medium and secondly used Fe(III) on the surface of iron oxides as an electron acceptor. Reduced iron formed reactive materials such as green rust ferrihydrite, and biochemical precipitation. These reactive materials formed by the bacteria can enhance TCE removal rate and removal capacity of the reactive barrier in the field.