• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.762-768
• /
• 2004

인슐린 작용을 강화시키는 LMWCr의 발견과 크롬 결핍과 관련 있는 포도당 불내성(glucose intolerance)이 크롬 투여 시 반응을 보여준 임상적 증명 이후, 크롬은 확실한 필수 영양소로 인식되고 보조제로 사용되고 있다. 시험관 실험에서 고농도의 3가 크롬을 배양 세포에 노출 시, 일부 연구 결과에서 염색체이상 유발과 변이원성 효과가 발견되긴 하였으나 이는 비타민 A, D, 니코틴산, 셀레늄 등과 같은 많은 다른 영양소의 과잉 섭취 시 독성 효과를 나타내는 정도로 해석되며, 시험관 실험 결과들이 발암성의 증거로 해석되지는 않는다. 3가 크롬을 경구 보조제로 투여된 임상 치료에서 환자들은 독성효과를 보이지 않았으며, 혈장 내 크롬 수치가 비 투여된 사람들에 비하여 조금 높았다. 크롬을 TPN 형태로 투여받은 환자들에게서도 우려했던 신체ㆍ정신적 효과와의 상관 관계가 없었으며 신기능부전을 나타낸 경우는 신장 독성을 주는 약들을 함께 복용한 경우로서, 우려되는 부작용은 없는 것으로 인정된다. 임상학적, 실험적으로 사용된 3가 크롬의 용량은 ESADDI 규정된 범위 50∼200 $\mu$g/day에서 전혀 독성을 나타내지 않았으며, 일반적인 사용에 기준이 될 것이다. EPA는 모든 관련 자료들을 검토한 후에 크롬의 참고용량 (RfD) 수치를 70 mg/day로 결론지었으며, 다른 영양소들의 용량과 비교했을 때 대단히 넓은 수치이다. 3가 크롬은 당뇨병, 임신성 당뇨병, 인슐린 내성, 비정상적 지방대사를 개선시키기 위한 영양소로서 가능성을 가진다. 또한 크롬의 보충은 제II형 당뇨병과 다양한 심혈관계 질환을 예방하거나 치료하는데 가장 유용한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 앞으로는 크롬 보조제 사용 시, 일부 연구자들이 3가 크롬 1000 $\mu$g/day의 안전성을 입증한 것과 같이 용량을 늘려 임상실험을 시도한 후 안전과 효능을 증명하는 것이 필요하다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.87-99
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to understand the source and behavior of organic matter using the fluorescent technique (excitation-emission matrix) as a part of environmental monitoring program in the Korea manganese nodule mining site in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Water samples were collected at $0^{\circ},\;6^{\circ}N$, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$ in August 2005. The concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 58.01 to $171.93\;{\mu}M-C$. The vertical distribution of TOC was characterized as higher in the surface layer and decreased with depth. At $6^{\circ}N$, depth-integrated (from surface to 200 m depth) TOC was $337.1\;gC/m^2$, which was 1.4 times higher value than other stations. The exponential decay curve fit of vertical profile of TOC indicated that 59% of organic carbon produced by primary production in the surface layer could be decomposed by bacteria in the water column. Dissolved organic matter is generally classified into two distinctive groups based on their fluorescence characteristics using three-dimensional excitation/emission (Ex/Em) fluorescence mapping technique. One is known as biomacromolecule (BM; protein-like substance; showing max. at Ex 280/Em 330), mainly originated from biological metabolism. The other is geomacromolecule (GM; humic-like substance; showing max. at Ex 330/Em 430), mainly originated from microbial degradation processes. The concentration of BM and GM was from 0.42 to 7.29 TU (tryptophan unit) and from 0.06 to 1.81 QSU (quinine sulfate unit), respectively. The vertical distribution of BM was similar to that of TOC as high in the surface and decreased with depth. However, the vertical distribution of GM showed the reverse pattern of that of BM. From these results, it appeared that BM occupied a major part of TOC and was rapidly consumed by bacteria in the surface layer. GM was mainly transformed from BM by microbial processes and was a dominant component of TOC in the deep-sea layer.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2018

본 논문은 호기성 생분해도를 통하여 유가공 폐수의 기질특성을 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 유기물 중 빨리 분해되는 물질(Ss)은 SCODcr 기준을 84.2 %로 조사되었는데, 이는 수산물 가공폐수의 75.8~77.9 %, 돈사폐수의 58.2 % 보다 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 생물학적 분해 불가능한 용존성 유기물(SI)의 비율은 5.6~6.4 %로, 미생물 신진대사에 의해 발생 되는 inert 물질 비율(SIi)은 3.6~3.7 %로 조사되었다. 생물학적 분해 불가능한 용존성 유기물 성분의 함유 계수(YI) 0.092~0.099로, 미생물 신진대사로 생성되는 inert 물질의 생성계수(Yp)는 0.039~0.040으로 산정되었다. 유기물 성분 계수 분석결과, 유가공 폐수의 용존성 유기물 약 91.0 %가 생물학적으로 분해 가능한 물질이고, 이중 약 92.5 %가 빨리 분해되는 Ss 성분으로 조사되었다. 또한 총유기물(TCODcr) 중에 생물학적 분해 가능한 유기물의 비율은 89.3 %로 조사되었다. 생물학적 분해 불가능한 용존성 유기물(SI) 성분은 3.0 %, 생물학적 분해 불가능한 부유성 물질(XI) 성분은 7.7 %로 비교 대상 폐수보다 낮게 조사되었는데, 이는 유가공 폐수가 호기성 생분해도가 크다는 것을 의미한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.670-681
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals that accelerate inflammatory responses and exacerbate fatigue. Tormentic acid (TA) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aim of present study is to determine the fatigue-regulatory effects of TA in H₂O₂-stimulated myoblast cell line, C2C12 cells and treadmill stress test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) animal models. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the in vitro study, C2C12 cells were pretreated with TA before stimulation with H₂O₂. Then, malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glycogen, and cell viability were analyzed. In the in vivo study, the ICR male mice were administered TA or distilled water orally daily for 28 days. FST and TST were then performed on the last day. In addition, biochemical analysis of the serum, muscle, and liver was performed. RESULTS: TA dose-dependently alleviated the levels of MDA, LDH, CK activity, TNF-α, and IL-6 in H₂O₂-stimulated C2C12 cells without affecting the cytotoxicity. TA increased the SOD and CAT activities and the glycogen levels in H₂O₂-stimulated C2C12 cells. In TST and FST animal models, TA decreased the FST immobility time significantly while increasing the TST exhaustion time without weight fluctuations. The in vivo studies showed that the levels of SOD, CAT, citrate synthase, glycogen, and free fatty acid were increased by TA administration, whereas TA significantly reduced the levels of glucose, MDA, LDH, lactate, CK, inflammatory cytokines, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and cortisol compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: TA improves fatigue by modulating oxidative stress and energy metabolism in C2C12 cells and animal models. Therefore, we suggest that TA can be a powerful substance in healthy functional foods and therapeutics to improve fatigue.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.911-918
• /
• 2006

Streptozotocin(STZ 55 mg/kg BW., I.P. injection)으로 유발된 당뇨성 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐에 있어서, 삼백초 생리활성물질 추출액(3.5 g% extract)의 섭취에 의한 혈당, 전해질, 혈청 지질개선효과 및 당질대사 이상 등에 관여하는 효소의 활성 변동을 생리생화학적 측면에서 검토하기 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 기본식이만을 급여한 대조군인 Normal군을 비롯한 STZ 당뇨 유발군(NSW군), 당뇨 유발에 삼백초 잎 추출액을 섭취시킨 군(NSSL군) 및 당뇨 유발에 삼백초 뿌리 추출액을 섭취시킨 군(NSSR군)을 5주간 실험 사육하였다. 혈당 농도는 당뇨 유발군에 삼백초 추출액을 급여하므로서 유의적으로 저하됨을 관찰할 수가 있었다. 또한 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, 동맥경화지수, LDL, LDL- 콜레스테롤, 유리 콜레스테롤, 콜레스테롤 에스테르 비, 중성지방 및 인지질 농도 등은 삼백초 추출액을 섭취시킨 군(NSSL군, NSSR군)에서 농도가 유의성 있게 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, HDL-콜레스테롤 및 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL-콜레스테롤 비 등은 삼백초 추출액 섭취(NSSL군, NSSR군)에 의해서 유의성 있게 증가 되는 것으로 나타났다. 혈청 중의 전해질(Na, K, Cl) 및 creatinine 농도는 STZ으로 당뇨 유발군에 삼백초 추출액을 섭취시킴으로서 유의성 있는 농도 저하 효과를 보였다. 또한, 혈청 중 aminotransferase(AST, ALT), creatine phosphokinase(CPK), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) 및 alkaline phosphatase(ALP)의 활성은 STZ으로 당뇨 유발 시킨 후 삼백초 추출액을 섭취시킴으로서 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 삼백초 잎(NSSL군)과 뿌리(NSSR군) 추출액 섭취에 따른 혈당, 각 종 지질 성분 및 효소 활성치의 두 군 간의 비교는 삼백초 잎이 뿌리 추출액에 비하여 다소 효과적인 차이를 보였으나 유의성 있는 변화는 보이지 않았다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 미루어 볼 때, 삼백초 중의 생리활성물질이 STZ으로 유발된 당뇨성 흰쥐의 혈당 조절 기능이상 및 혈청 지질대사 이상 등에서 오는 각종 질환의 예방 및 개선 작용에 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.260-270
• /
• 2012

Objectives : Hippocampus, a region of temporal lobe, plays an important role in the pathogenic mechanisms of brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, depression and temporal lobe epilepsy. This research is designed to investigate hippocampal changes after acupuncture stimulation at Shinmun(HT7) using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE). Methods : On postnatal-day 15, rat pups were randomly devided into Normal(NOR) or HT7 group. All of Pups kept with their mothers for 7 days, but pups in HT7 group received acupuncture stimulation at HT7 daily. On postnatal-day 21, hippocampus of each rat pup was dissceted 30 minutes after last acupuncture stimulation and the protein expressions were investigated using 2-DE. Results : After acupuncture stimulation at HT7, expression of 20 proteins were significantly increased. Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like, transketolase, aconitate hydratase and phosphoglucomutase-1 were related to glucose methabolism. Eukaryotic initiation factor(eIF) 4A-II, eIF 4A-III, mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor and chain A of crystal structure of the 70-Kda heat shock cognate protein involve in the protein synthesis in ribosome. Tubulin ${\beta}$-4 chain, tubulin T ${\beta}$-15 and tubulin ${\alpha}$-1B chain comprise cytoskeleton. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) ${\omega}$-1, GST P and GST Yb-3 can reduce oxidative stress. ${\beta}$-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein is required for vesicular transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a major role in lipid biosynthesis, creatine kinase U-type catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes adenosine triphosphate to create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha and voltage depedent anion-selective channel protein 2 were also increased. Conclusions : The results suggest that acupuncture stimulation at HT7 may enhance glucose and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, cytoskeletal substance and anti-oxidative stress in hippocampus.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국표면공학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 2018

Ti-6Al-4V alloys have been widely used as orthopedic materials because of their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, it does not bind directly to the bone, so it requires a surface modification. This problem can be solved by nanotube and micropore formation. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment for micropore, which combines high-voltage spark and electrochemical oxidation, is a new way of forming a ceramic coating on light metals such as titanium and its alloys. This method has excellent reproducibility and can easily control the shape and size of the Ti alloy. In this study, formation of bioactive surface by PEO-treatment after $2^{nd}$ ATO technique of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was invesgated by various instrument. Nanotube oxide surface structure was formed on the surface by anodic oxidation treatment in 0.8 wt.% NaF and 1M $H_3PO_4$ electrolytes. After nanotube formation, nanotube layer was removed by ultrasonic cleaning. PEO-treatment was carried out at 280V for 3 minutes in the electrolytic solution containing the bioactive substance (Mg, Zn, Mn, Sr, and Si). The surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S-4800 Hitachi, Japan). An energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS, Inca program, Oxford, UK) was used to analyze the spectra of physiologically active Si, Mn, Mg, Zn, and Sr ions. The PEO film formed on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface was characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (TF-XRD, X'pert Philips, Netherlands). It is confirmed that bioactive ions play an essential role in the normal bone growth and metabolism of the human skeletal tissues.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2003

Cellular redox state is known to be perturbed during ischemia and that $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^2$ channels have been shown to have functional thiol groups. In this study, the properties of thiol redox modulation of the ATP-sensitive $K^2$ ($K_{ATP}$) channel were examined in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Rabbit ventricular myocytes were isolated using a Langendorff column for coronary perfusion and collagenase. Single-channel currents were measured in excised membrane patch configuration of patch-clamp technique. The thiol oxidizing agent 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitro-benzoic acid) (DTNB) inhibited the channel activity, and the inhibitory effect of DTNB was reversed by dithiothreitol (disulfide reducing agent; DTT). DTT itself did not have any effect on the channel activity. However, in the patches excised from the metabolically compromised cells, DTT increased the channel activity. DTT had no effect on the inhibitory action by ATP, showing that thiol oxidation was not involved in the blocking mechanism of ATP. There were no statistical difference in the single channel conductance for the oxidized and reduced states of the channel. Analysis of the open and closed time distributions showed that DTNB had no effect on open and closed time distributions shorter than 4 ms. On the other hand, DTNB decreased the life time of bursts and increased the interburst interval. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a substance that reacts with thiol groups of cystein residues in proteins, induced irreversible closure of the channel. The thiol oxidizing agents (DTNB, NEM) inhibited of the $K_{ATP}$ channel only, when added to the cytoplasmic side. The results suggested that metabolism-induced changes in the thiol redox can also modulate $K_{ATP}$ channel activity and that a modulatory site of thiol redox may be located on the cytoplasmic side of the $K_{ATP}$ channel in rabbit ventricular myocytes.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.283-291
• /
• 1997

In vitro development of bovine embryos is affected by many factors such as energy substrates, amino acids, and some growth factors. It has been reported that mRNA of insulin, PDGF and their receptors are detected in cow embryos, and that some chelating agents such as EDTA and transferrin have beneficial role on mouse and bovine embryos. The author hypothesized that insulin, transferrin arid PDGF added to a culture medium increase in vitro development of bovine embryos by chelating toxic substance(s) or increasing cell growth and metabolism. Immature oocytes from slaughtered ovaries of Holstein cows and heifers were matured for 24 hours in a TCM199 containing 10% fetal calf serum, FSH, LH and estradiol with granulosa cells in vitro. Matured oocytes were coincubated with sperm for 30 hours in a modified Tyrode's medium (IVF). Embryos cleaved to 2- to 4-cell at 30 hours after IVF were selected and cultured in a 30-$\mu$l drop of a synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOFM) containing 0.8% BSA, Minimum Essential Medium essential and non-essential amino acids, and insulin, transferrin or PDGF for 9 days. Supplementation of a SOFM with insulin, and /or transferrin did not increase develop-mental rate to expanding and hatching blastocyst of 2- to 4-cell bovine embryos compared with control. The highest developmental rate to hatching blastocyst was shown when PDGF was added at the concentration of 10 ng /ml among the supplementing doses tested in the present study (p<0.05). Addition of PDGF without insulin to a SOFM could not increase embrye development, but combined addition of PDGF with insulin significantly increased (p<0.05) embryo development to hatching blastocyst (50%) compared with control (38%). In conclusion, insulin and PDGF supplemented to a SOFM may act synergistically and have beneficial effect on in vitro development of 2- to 4-cell bovine embryos matured and fertilized in vitro.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제38권7호
• /
• pp.495-502
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance s (TBARS) level s and liver SAM/SAH ratio in hyperhomocysteinaemia-induced pregnant rats. Forty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided three groups (C: control diet, HFD: $0.3\%$ homocystine and 0 mg folic acid diet, HFS: $0.3\%$ homocystine and 8 mg/kg folic acid diet) according to homocystine and folic acid levels in the diet. They were fed experimental diets for 5 weeks prior to the mating and also during the entire period of pregnancy till gestational day 20. Dietary folic acid supplementation caused a significant decrease in plasma homocysteine levels which had been increased by a homocystine-diet, with a concomitant increase in plasma and liver folate levels. Liver TBARS levels in homocysteine-folic acid-deficient group (HFD) were higher than those in control group. Dietary folic acid supplementation increased hepatic SAM/SAM ratio in homocysteine-folic acid- sopplemetantion group (HFS) when compared to the HFD (p < 0.05). These data suggest that folate depletion and elevated plasma homocysteine may promote oxidative stress in rat livers and influence the remethylation cycle of the homocysteine metabolism detrimentally. In conclusion, dietary folic acid supplementation was found to be effective for lowering plasma homocysteine levels, relieving oxidative stress, and improving the methylation status in the body.