• Title/Summary/Keyword: submerged cultures

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Isolation, Optimization, and Partial Purification of Amylase from Chrysosporium asperatum by Submerged Fermentation

  • Sanghvi, Gaurav V.;Koyani, Rina D.;Rajput, Kishore S.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.470-476
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    • 2011
  • A potent fungus for amylase production, Chrysosporium asperatum, was isolated from among 30 different cultures obtained from wood samples collected in the Junagadh forest, India. All of the isolated cultures were screened for their ability to produce amylase by submerged fermentation. Among the selected cultures, C. asperatum (Class Euascomycetes; Onygenales; Onygenaceae) gave maximum amylase production. In all of the different media tested, potato starch was found to be a good substrate for production of amylase enzyme at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0. Production of enzyme reached the maximum when a combination of starch and 2% xylose, and organic nitrogen (1% yeast extract) and ammonium sulfate were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. There was no significant effect of metal ions on enzyme activity. The enzyme was relatively stable at $30^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, and no inhibitory effect of $Ca^{+2}$ ions on amylase production was observed.

The Anti-complementary Activity of Exo-polymers Produced from Submerged Mycelial Cultures of Higher Fungi with Particular Reference to Cordyceps militaris

  • Song, Chi-Hyun;Jeon, Young-Jae;Yang, Byung-Keun;Ra, Kyung-Soo;Sung, Jae-Mo
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.8 no.5
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    • pp.536-539
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    • 1998
  • The anti-complementary activity (immuno-stimulating activity) was tested for the exo-polymers (extra-cellular polymer) produced from submerged mycelial cultures of 21 types of higher fungi. Anti-complementary activity of the exo-polymer from Cordyceps militaris showed the highest (69.0%) followed by Pleurotus ostreatus (63.7%) and Trametes suaveolens (61.4%). The mycelial growth rate and biomass doubling time of C. militaris in a 5 I air-lift fermenter were 0.0255 $h^{-1}$ and 27.2 h, respectively. The yield of the exo-polymer produced from the culture broth of C. militaris was 2.95 mg of dry weight/ml of culture broth. Sugar and amino acid compositions of this exo-polymer were analyzed.

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Anti-tumor Effects of Exo- and Endo-biopolymers Produced from Submerged Cultures of Three Different Mushrooms

  • Jeong, Yong-Tae;Yang, Byung-Keun;Li, Chun-Ru;Song, Chi-Hyun
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.106-109
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    • 2008
  • The anti-tumor effects of exo- (EX) and endo-biopolymers (EN) produced from submerged mycelial cultures of Ganoderma applanatum (GA), Collybia confluens (CC), and Pleurotus eryngii (PE) were studied using Sarcoma 180 bearing mice. Solid tumor growth was inhibited most effectively when 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) of GA-EX or PE-EN was administered to the intraperitoneal (i.p.) cavity of BALB/c mice. The spleen and liver indexes were increased in mice following i.p. administration of GA-EX and PE-EN fractions. GA-EX and PE-EN reduced the tumor formation by 30.7% and 29.4%, respectively. GA-EX and PE-EN increased the natural killer (NK) cell activity of splenocytes by 41.3% and 28.9%, respectively.

Optimal Culture Conditions for Mycelial Growth and Exo-polymer Production of Ganoderma applanatum

  • Jeong, Yong-Tae;Jeong, Sang-Chul;Yang, Byung-Keun;Islam, Rezuanul;Song, Chi-Hyun
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.37 no.2
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    • pp.89-93
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    • 2009
  • The effect of fermentation parameters and medium composition on the simultaneous mycelial growth and exo-polymer production from submerged cultures of Ganoderma applanatum was investigated in shake-flask cultures. The optimum initial pH for mycelial growth and exo-polymer production was 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. The optimum temperature was $25^{\circ}C$ and the optimum inoculum content was 3.0% (v/v). The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and corn steep powder, respectively. After 12 days fermentation under these conditions, the highest mycelial growth was 18.0 g/l and the highest exo-polymer production was 3.9 g/l.

Assimilation of Peptides and Amino Acids and Dissimilation of Lactate During Submerged Pure Cultures of Penicillium camembertii and Geotrichum candidum

  • Aziza, M.;Adour, L.;Amrane, A.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.124-127
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    • 2008
  • The behavior of Penicillium camembertii and Geotrichum candidum growing in submerged pure cultures on simple (glutamate) or complex (peptones) substrates as nitrogen and carbon sources and lactate as a second carbon source was examined. Similar to the behavior previously recorded on a simple substrate (glutamate), a clear differentiation between the carbon source and the energy source was also shown on peptones and lactate during P. camembertii growth, since throughout growth, lactate was only dissimilated, viz., used for energy supply by oxidation into $CO_2$, whereas peptides and amino acids from peptones were used for carbon (and nitrogen) assimilation. Because of its deaminating activity, G candidum preferred peptides and amino acids to lactate as energy sources, in addition to being assimilated as carbon and nitrogen sources. From this, on peptones and lactate, G candidum grew faster than P. camembertii (0.19 and 0.08 g/l/h, respectively) by assimilating the most readily utilizable peptides and amino acids; however, owing to its lower proteolytic activity, the maximum biomass was lower than that of P. camembertii (3.7 and 5.5 g/l, respectively), for which continuous proteolysis and assimilation of peptides were shown.

Enhanced Production of Valuable Bioactive Metabolites in Submerged Cultures of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum by Manipulation of Oxygen Supply

  • Zhong, Jian-Jiang;Fang, Qing-Hua;Tang, Ya-Jie
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.109-115
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    • 2002
  • Submerged cultures of Ganoderma lucidum, a valuable mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine, were used for production of bioactive Banoderic acids and Ganoderma polysaccharides. The significant effects of oxygen supply were demonstrated in both shake flasks and bioreactors. By changing the medium loading volume in a shake flask, a different value of initial volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient ($K_L$a) was obtained, and a higher $K_L$a value led to a higher biomass density and a higher productivity of both intracellular polysaccharide and ganoderic acid. In a stirred bioreactor, at an initial $K_L$a of 78.2 $h^{-1}$, a maximal cell concentration of 15.6 g/L by dry weight was obtained, as well as a maximal intracellular polysarcharide (IPS) production of 2.2 g/L and its maximal productivity of 220 mg/(L.d). An increase of initial $K_L$a led to a higher production and productivity of GA, and the GA production and productivity at an initial $K_L$a of 96.0 $h^{-1}$ was 1.8-fold those at an initial $K_L$a of 16.4 $h^{-1}$. The fundamental information obtained in this study may be useful for efficient large-scale production of these valuable bioactive products by the submerged cultures.

Inhibition of Free Radical-Induced Lipid Oxidation by the Extract from Submerged-Liquid Culture of Mushrooms in the Medium Containing Mulberry Tree Powders (뽕나무가루 첨가 배지에서 배양한 버섯균사체 배양물의 자유라디칼 유도 산화 억제)

  • 김석종;임동길;박철우;세르보로다메;형석원;이강권;김정옥;하영래
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.255-261
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    • 2004
  • Antioxidant activity of extracts from the submerged-liquid culture of mushrooms was measured using two systems : linoleic acid and mouse liver microsomes induced by various free radical sources. Mushrooms of Pleurotus ostreatus (Neutari), Phellinus linteus (Sanghwang), Paecilomyces japonicus (Dongchunghacho), Hericicum erinacium (Norugungdengyee) and Agaricus blazei (Shinryeong) in 1% mulberry tree powder-supplemented medium were incubated in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, $25^{\circ}C$) for 3 days. Hot water extracts of mycelial cultures were freeze-dried, followed by fractioning with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol in the order. Antioxidant activity of each sample was examined in free radical-induced linoleic acid oxidation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS ) solution by measuring the amount of malonaldehyde (MA), and mouse liver microsomal systems by measuring the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In linoleic acid oxidation system, hot water extracts from the cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces japonicus exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous or butanol fraction and the combined fraction of hexane, chloroform and ethylacetate, but the hot water extract from Pleurotus ostreatus culture was the strongest activity. The antioxidant activity of the hot water extract from Pleurotus ostreatus culture was stronger than any other fractions in mouse microsomal system. These results suggest that hot water extract of Pleurotus ostreatus culture, and the cultures of Phellinus linteus and Paecilomyces japonicus could be useful for functional materials to reduce the oxidation of lipids in food systems induced by free radicals.

The Production of Methyl Trans-cinnamate in the Submerged Cultures of Tricholoma matsutake Mycelia

  • Park, Youngki;Lee, Wi Young;Ahn, Jin Kwon
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.5
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    • pp.109-117
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    • 2007
  • Methyl trans-cinnamate is a significant flavor compound of Tricholoma matsutake. Attempts were made to produce this compound by culturing the mycelium using submerged culture. No methyl trans-cinnamate could be detected when the mycelium was cultured in the basal liquid medium. However, the addition of Pinus desiflora extracts to the medium, methyl trans-cinnamate was largely produced. To find out compounds or fractions inducing methyl trans-cinnamate, dichloromethane fraction obtained from the wood extracts of P. densiflora was subjected to column chromatography. Three sub-fractions were obtained from the $CH_2CI_2$ fraction. Submerged cultured mycelium treated with sub-fraction 1 has the highest content of methyl trans-cinnamate. Maximum methyl trans-cinnamate $(470.2{\mu}g/g)$ was obtained when the first sub-fraction of dichloromethane fraction of the P. densiflora wood extracts was added to the medium. This indicates that wood extracts of P. densiflora contains inducer of the methyl trans-cinnamate production in the T. matsutake submerged culture.

Anti-Melanogenic Effect from Submerged Mycelial Cultures of Ganoderma weberianum

  • Lai, Ying-Jang;Hsu, Kai-Di;Huang, Tzu-Jung;Hsieh, Chang-Wei;Chan, Yu-Hin;Cheng, Kuan-Chen
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.112-119
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    • 2019
  • Compounds from Lingzhi has been demonstrated the ability for inhibiting tyrosinase (a key enzyme in melanogenesis) activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic activity from the submerged mycelial culture of Ganoderma weberianum and elucidated the skin lightening mechanism by B16-F10 murine melanoma cells. From the cellular context, several fractionated mycelium samples exhibited anti-melanogenic activity by reducing more than 40% extracellular melanin content of B16-F10 melanoma cells. In particular, the fractionated chloroform extract (CF-F3) inhibited both secreted and intracellular melanin with the lowest dosage (25 ppm). Further analysis demonstrated that CF-F3 inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity without altering its protein expression. Taken together, our study has demonstrated that the chemical extracts from submerged mycelial culture of G. weberianum have the potential to serve as an alternative anti-melanogenic agent.