• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1111-1116
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to maintain high efficiency and reasonable use of cold-heat storage systems operated the showcase. An experimental study is carried out to manufacture the showcase system in a laboratory. Comparing the result at general operation condition with that at the new condition using ice storage system, this study showed the effects of the refrigerant sub-cooling, and with using inverter. At the condition using ice storage system, the ice making process was operated during midnight being not needed the cooling of the showcase through the continuous running of the condenser unit. And then, the refrigerant was sub-cooled using stored cold-heat after being discharged from the air cooling condenser during the day time. The cooling performance was increased owing to the sub-cooling of refrigerant during day time, hence the running time of the compressor was effectively decreased. In other words, this study showed that power consumption during daytime can be transferred to the midnight for making use of the refrigerant sub-cooling.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2021

진공 가스분사법으로 제조된 Fe₇₅B₁₃P₅Nb₂Hf₁C₄ 합금의 응고중 액상의 크기와 이에 따른 냉각속도의 변화가 정출상의 형성에 미치는 영향에 대한 고찰을 하였다. 고온 액상에서 동일한 조건으로 응고된 서로 다른 크기의 액상이 구형의 분말형태로 응고될 때 크기에 따른 임계냉각속도의 차이를 계산하였으며, 액상의 평균 반지름이 3배정도 크기 차이가 날 경우 고상으로 변태할 때 임계냉각속도가 13.5배까지 차이가 나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 임계냉각 속도의 차이에 따른 정출상의 형성과 정출상의 형태와 크기에 따른 탄화물의 형성 거동을 조사하여 열역학 계산으로 예측된 결과와 비교 분석하였으며, 분말입자의 크기가 20~45 마이크론일 경우 Hf과 Nb이 포함된 MC타입의 탄화물이 초정으로 형성 되는 것을 알 수 있었으며 이때 Hf과 Nb의 비율은 합금의 조성 및 냉각속도에 따라 변화됨을 관찰 할 수 있었다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2022

Sub-Kelvin cooling has been generally demanded for the fields of low temperature physics, such as physical property measurements, astronomical detection, and quantum computing. The refrigeration system with a small size can be appropriately introduced when the measurement system does not require a high cooling capacity at sub-Kelvin temperature. The dilution refrigerator which is a common method to reach sub-Kelvin, however, must possess a large ³He circulation equipment at room temperature. As alternatives, a sorption refrigerator and a magnetic refrigerator can be adopted for sub-Kelvin cooling. This paper describes those coolers which have been developed by various research groups. Furthermore, a cold-cycle dilution refrigerator of which the size of the ³He circulation system is minimized, is also introduced. Subsequently, a new concept of dilution refrigerator is proposed by our group. The suggested cooler can achieve sub-Kelvin temperature with a small size since it does not require any recuperator and turbo-molecular vacuum pump. Its architecture allows the compact configuration to reach sub-Kelvin temperature by integrating the sorption pump and the magnetic refrigerators. Therefore, it may be suitably utilized in the low temperature experiments requiring low cooling capacity.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.272-280
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• 1999

A cycle analysis was achieved to predict the characteristics by comprehensive modeling and simulation of an air-cooled, double-effect absorption system using a new $H_2O/LiBr+HO(CH_2)_3OH$ solution. The simulation results showed that the new working fluid may provide the crystallization limit 8% higher than the conventional $H_2O/LiBr$ solution. With a crystallization margin of 3wt%(weight%), the optimal solution distribution ratio was found in the range of 36 to 40%. Variation of cooling air Inlet temperature has a sensitive effect on the cooling COP and corrosion problem. The simulation of heat exchangers with UA value revealed that the absorber and the evaporator are relatively important for an air-cooled system compared with the condenser and the low temperature generator. The effect of cooling air flow rate, circulation weak solution flow rate and chilled water inlet temperature were also examined. The new working fluid may provide the COP approximately 5% higher than the conventional $H_2O/LiBr$ solution.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.451-461
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• 2022

CFD analysis including optimization process was conducted to design shell and tube CO₂ methanation reactor cooling system. The high-pressure saturated water flowed into the cooling system and was evaporated by heat flux from reacting tubes. The optimization process decided the gap between tubes and reactor diameter to satisfy objective functions related to temperature. The results showed that the gap and diameter reduced about 30% and 3.6% respectively. Averaged surface temperature satisfied the target value and the min-max deviation was minimized.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2022

In this study, variations in the microstructure and hardness of a low-carbon SCM415 steel with austenitizing temperature and cooling rate are investigated. When the austenitizing temperature is lower than the A₁ temperature (738.8 ℃) of the SCM415 steel, the microstructures of both the air-cooled and water-cooled specimens consist of ferrite and pearlite, which are similar to the microstructure of the initial specimen. When heat treatment is conducted at temperatures ranging from the A₁ temperature to the A₃ temperature (822.4 ℃), the microstructure of the specimen changes depending on the temperature and cooling rate. The specimens air- and water-cooled from 750 ℃ consist of ferrite and pearlite, whereas the specimen water-cooled from 800 ℃ consists of ferrite and martensite. At a temperature higher than the A₃ temperature, the air-cooled specimens consist of ferrite and pearlite, whereas the water-cooled specimens consist of martensite. At 650 ℃ and 700 ℃, which are lower than the A₁ temperature, the hardness decreases irrespective of the cooling rate due to the ferrite coarsening and pearlite spheroidization. At 750 ℃ or higher, the air-cooled specimens have smaller grain sizes than the initial specimen, but they have lower hardness than the initial specimen owing to the increased interlamellar spacing of pearlite. At 800 ℃ or higher, martensitic transformation occurs during water cooling, which results in a significant increase in hardness. The specimens water-cooled from 850 ℃ and 950 ℃ have a complete martensite structure, and the specimen water-cooled from 850 ℃ has a higher hardness than that water-cooled from 950 ℃ because of the smaller size of prior austenite grains.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.448-455
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• 2003

$TiO_2$ nanopowder has been synthesized by means of the flame method using a precursor of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP, Ti$(OC_3H_7)_4)$. In order to clarify the effect of cooling rate of hot flame on the formation of $TiO_2$ crystalline phases, the flame was controlled by varying the mixing ratio and the flow rate of gases. Anatase phase was predominantly synthesized under the condition having the steep cooling gradient in flame, while a slow cooling gradient enabled to form almost rutile $TiO_2$ nanopowder of above 95%.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.54-65
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• 1994

Performance of naturally circulating cooling system of $SF_6$ gas charged transformer was simulated and the variations of gas flow rate, maximum coil temperature, gas temperature and cooling air temperature were investigated with respect to the height of radiator, interplates distance and heat generation rate at core. The results show that the height of radiator most significantly affects the performance of natural circulating cooling system of transformer.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.827-834
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• 2009

The cooling heat transfer coefficient of $CO_2$ in a brazing type small diameter tube was investigated experimentally. The main components of the refrigerant loop are a receiver, a $CO_2$ compressor, a mass flow meter, an evaporator and a brazing type small diameter tube as a test section. The mass flux of $CO_2$ is $400{\sim}1600$ [kg/$m^2s$], the mass flowrate of coolant were varied from 0.15 to 0.3 [kg/s], and the cooling pressure of gas cooler were from 8 to 10 [MPa]. The cooling heat transfer coefficients of the brazing type small diameter copper tube is about $4{\sim}11.7%$ higher than that of the conventional type small diameter copper tube. In comparison with test results and existing correlations, correlations failed to predict the cooling heat transfer coefficient of $CO_2$ in a brazing type small diameter copper tube. therefore, it is necessary to develope reliable and accurate predictions determining the cooling heat transfer coefficient of $CO_2$ in a brazing type small diameter copper tube.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Recently, Research and development activity of HTS (High Temperature Superconducting) power application is very progressive worldwide. Especially, HTS cable system and HTSFCL (HTS Fault current limiter) system are proceeding to practical stages. In such system and equipment, cryogenic cooling system, which makes HTS equipment cooled lower than critical temperature, is one of crucial components. In this article, cryogenic cooling system for HTS application, mainly cable, is reviewed. Cryogenic cooling system can be categorized into conduction cooling system and immersion cooling system. In practical HTS power application area, immersion cooling system with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen is preferred. The immersion cooling system is besides grouped into open cycle system and closed cycle system. Turbo-Brayton refrigerator is a key component for closed cycle system. Those two cooling systems are focused in this article. And, each design and component of the cooling system is explained.