• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.181-189
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the effects of dithiopyr (DTP), a herbicide, on behavior in zebrafish. The toxicity of DTP has rarely been investigated in fish. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of DTP in the range of 10-20 μM for 48 h in a test container, in order to measure the value of median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀). Behavioral experiments were performed, including the novel tank test (NTT) and the open field test (OFT), to assess stress responses or locomotion. After exposure to the DTP solution at a sublethal concentration of 2.5–10 μM for 6 min, the behavior of the zebrafish was observed for 6 min. In the acute toxicity test, the LC₅₀ value of DTP showed as 14.49 μM in the zebrafish. The NTT showed that the duration of immobility and the velocity were significantly increased by exposure at a concentration of 5 μM of DTP, compared with a control group (p<0.05). However, compared with the control group, DTP significantly decreased the distance moved and the frequency at the top of the tank, and significantly increased the turn angle and duration at the bottom, in a concentration-dependent manner (p<0.05). In addition, in the OFT, exposure to DTP significantly decreased the distance moved and velocity compared with the control group (p<0.05). Exposure to DTP also significantly increased the duration of immobility, the turn angle, and the meandering movement, in a concentration-dependent manner (p<0.05). Further, exposure to DTP at a low concentration elevated whole-body cortisol levels in the zebrafish. The results of this study thus suggest that DTP induces a toxic response and negative effects on behavior and the endocrine system in zebrafish.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.204-211
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to obtain acute (single) oral dose toxicity information on Lactobacillus-fermented Araliae Continentalis Radix aqueous extracts (fACR) in female and male ICR mice, as compared with Araliae Continentalis Radix aqueous extracts (ACR). After administering a single oral dose of fACR, no treatment-related mortalities were observed within 14 days after the end of treatment up to 2,000 mg/kg, the maximum dosage for rodents of both sexes; moreover, no fACR treatment-related changes in the body and organ weights, clinical signs, necropsy, and histopathological findings were detected in this experiment. In addition, no ACR 2,000 mg/kg treatment-related mortalities, clinical signs, body and organ weights, or gross and histopathological findings were observed, as compared with equal genders of vehicle control. The results obtained in this study suggest that fACR is non-toxic in mice and is, therefore, likely to be safe for clinical use. The LD₅₀ and approximate LD in female mice and male mice, respectively, were considered after a single oral dose of fACR over 2,000 mg/kg, the maximum dosage for rodents. In addition, no specific targets or clinical signs were detected in the present study. ACR 2,000 mg/kg-treated mice also did not show any treatment-related mortalities, clinical signs, changes to body and organ weights, or gross and histopathological findings, as compared with equal genders of vehicle control.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 1986

Sterigmatocystin bears a close structural relationship to aflatoxin $B_1$ and is a carcinogenic compound that has been shown to affect various species of experimental animals. Reaction and toxicity of sterigmatocystin in the artificial gastric juice were investigated. Sterigmatocystin was degraded in artificial gastric juice and extracted by the method of A.O.A.C. After cleaned up by silica gel column chromatography, this substance was detected and characterized by thin layer chromatography, UV, IR and mass spectra. It showed $R{\mathcal{f}}$ 0.4 and brick-red color by TLC. Especially, in the mass spectrum of it, fragment peak at m/e 327 was due to the loss of the $-CH_3$ and $-H_2O$, fragment peak at m/e 341 was due to the loss of the $H_2O$ and $-H^+$, and fragment peak at m/e 239 was due to the loss of the 2-chloro-tetrahydrofuran and methyl group from the parent molecule. Therefore, a degraded substance of sterigmatocystin reacted in artificial gastric juice (Sub. K) was estimated with additional formation of hydrochloric acid. In four-day-old chicken embryos, the mean lethal dose $(LD_{50})$ was $140\;{\mu}g/egg$, and 90 to 100% of the embryos were killed with 1 mg/egg. This $LD_{50}$ $140\;{\mu}g/egg$ compared with an $LD_{50}$ $14.69\;{\mu}g/egg$ for sterigmatocystin (acute toxicity) showed the substance to be much less toxic than sterigmatocystin.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.201-212
• /
• 2021

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (Weight 110.9±17.1 g, length 22.3±1.2 cm) were exposed to waterborne nitrite at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 960 mg NO₂^-/L according to water temperature at 20℃ and 25℃ for 96 hours. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of olive flounder, P. olivaceus exposed to waterborne nitrite was 513.87 mg NO₂^-/L at 20℃ and 208.35 mg NO₂^-/L at 25℃, which means a significant difference in LC₅₀ by the water temperature. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly decreased by waterborne nitrite exposure. The inorganic component, plasma calcium, was significantly decreased, and the organic components such as plasma glucose and cholesterol were significantly decreased showing a similar tendency with calcium. In enzymatic components, the AST and ALP were also significantly decreased by nitrite exposure. The results of this study indicate that exposure to nitrite can affect the survival and hematological physiology of P. olivaceus, and the effect of exposure to nitrite had a significant effect on nitrite toxicity depending on the water temperature.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.293-300
• /
• 2010

tert-Butyl acetate (TBAc) is an organic solvent, which is commonly used in architectural coatings and industrial solvents. It has recently been exempted from the definition of a volatile organic compound (VOC) by the Air Resources Board (ARB). Since the use of TBAc as a substitute for other VOCs has increased, thus its potential risk in humans has also increased. However, its inhalation toxicity data in the literature are very limited. Hence, inhalation exposure to TBAc was carried out to investigate its toxic effects in this study. Adult male rats were exposed to TBAc for 4 h for 1 day by using a nose-only inhalation exposure chamber (low dose, $2370\;mg/m^3$ (500 ppm); high dose, $9482\;mg/m^3$ (2000 ppm)). Shamtreated control rats were exposed to clean air in the inhalation chamber for the same period. The animals were killed at 2, 7, and 15 days after exposure. At each time point, body weight measurement, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis, histopathological examination, and biochemical assay were performed. No treatment-related abnormal effects were observed in any group according to time course. Based on those findings, the median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of TBAc was over $9482\;mg/m^3$ in this study. According to the MSDS, the 4 h $LC_{50}$ for TBAc for rats is over $2230\;mg/m^3$. We suggested that this value is changed and these findings may be applied in the risk assessment of TBAc which could be beneficial in a sub-acute study.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2012

Lead poisoning is one of the earliest identified and most known occupational disease. Its acute effects have been recognized from antiquity when this condition principally afflicted manual workers and slaves, actually scarcely considered by the medicine of that time. The Industrial Revolution caused an epidemic of metal intoxication, urging scientists and physician of that period to study and identify specific symptoms and organ alterations related to chronic lead poisoning. During the 20th century, the acknowledgment of occupational and environmental toxicity of lead fostered public awareness and legislation to protect health. More recently, the identification of sub-clinical effects have greatly modified the concept of lead poisoning and the approaches of medicine towards this condition. Nowadays, lead poisoning is rarely seen in developed countries, but it still represents a major environmental problem in certain areas. Consequently, it may appear as a paradigm of "occupational and environmental disease," and the history of this condition seems to parallel the historical development of modern "Occupational and Environmental Health" as a more complete medical discipline.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.21-23
• /
• 2016

The aim of this report was to present a rare case of a tracheotomy site recurrence after operation and post-operative radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patient. Tracheotomy site recurrence other than subglottic cancer is very rare in head and neck cancer patient. The granulation tissue around tracheotomy was a fertile "soil" for tumor cell implantation. Midline mucosal sparing block which was used to decreased acute toxicity during post-operative radiotherapy could be facilitating the tumor cell implantation. The head and neck surgeon should try every effort to reduce contamination of cancer cells during operation and consider the entire operative field should be included in post-operative radiation portals.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2003.04a
• /
• pp.102-102
• /
• 2003

The present study has been undertaken to characterize availability of camellia(Camellia japonica L.) as a medicinal plant with antineoplastic and chemosensitizing activities. The crude extracts from fresn camellia flower, young leaves and nutraceutical tea of camellia leaf and flower buds were evaluated on their potential activities against various human cancer cells and multidrug resistance to cancer cells in vitro. The range of cytotoxicity displayed from 120$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL to 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Catemix 1(CT-1) mixed with camellia and green tea showed high toxicity(respectively IC$\sub$50/=l16$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, 129$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) against AML-2/WT, acute myelogenous leukemia cell and MCF-7, brest adenocarcinoma pleual effusion cell. Generally camellia tea mixed with green tea showed higher cytotoxicity than the other camellia teas mixed with some herbs(CH). Methanol extract of steamed camellia tea and roasted camellia tea had a chemosensitizing effect to reverse Pgp-mediated MDR. In addition, camellia flower tea of insignificant cytotoxicity, chemosensitizing effect were increased remarkably chemosensitizing effect in mixed flower tea with some herbs.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this report was to provide the information about activity and safety of Ssanghwa-tang by analyzing domestic papers and theses about Ssanghwa-tang. Methods : Domestic papers and theses related to Ssanghwa-tang were reviewed and analyzed. These papers were then classified by year, experimental method, and activity subject. Results : The following result s were obtained in this study. 1. The study of Ssanghwa-tang started from 1981 and continued steadily 1990s and it was decreased 2000s. 2. The paper of Ssanghwatang was entire domestic paper, 20 volumes. 3. In classified by experimental method and animal of Ssanghwa-tang paper, more than a half study used rat in vivo experiment. Furthermore clinical experiments were performed about anti-fatigue effect of Ssanghwa-tang and Ssanghwatang was proved a safety herbal medicine in acute toxicity experiment. 4. Decursin, glycyrrhizin, paeoniflorin were determined in Ssanghwa-tang by using HPLC analysis. 5. As these studies were classified by subject, papers related to anti-fatigue effect were most abundant by 7 papers. Besides there were several papers related to liver funtion, anti-inflammatory, alleviation, smooth muscle relaxation effect and so on. 6. According to experimental data, it is supported that Ssanghwa-tang was safety herbal medicine and it has a several activity about anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, alleviation, smooth muscle relaxation. Conclusion : Many study of basic science experiments and clinical experiments were performed and reported on Ssanghwa-tang in domestic journal. Ssanghwa-tang is being used in various ways associating with anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, alleviation and smooth muscle relaxation. furthermore Ssanghwatang was proved a safety herbal medicine in acute toxicity experiment. However, studies on randomized controlled trials of Ssanghwatang need to be completed at the clinical level.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2005

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating liver protection mechanism of bear bile juice (Fel Ursi)by inducing liver toxicity through $CCl_4$ in mice and evaluated histological and serological findings. Methods : Experiment groups was categorized into untreated normal group, $CCl_4$ treated control group, and orally administered bear bile juice experiment group. At the termination of experiment, gross examination of the liver as well as histological findings, and Total protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin SGOT, SGPT, and ALP contents in the serum were evaluated. Results : 1. For gross examination and histological findings, $CCI_4$ treated control group showed destroyed lobular structure, increased fibrosis, as well as hepatic cirrhosis. For the group treated with bear bile juice, the lobular structure suffered less damage, and showed lower level of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. 2. For serum analysis, Total protein and Albumin were significantly increased in the bear bile juice experiment group than the control group. Total bilirubin and Direct bilirubin didn't show significant differences between the two groups. SOOT, SGPT, and ALP were significantly decreased in the normal and bear bile juice experiment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion : Taken together, bear bile juice can be effectively used for recovering the liver functions and further researches must be conducted to verify the efficacies of bear bile juice.