• 수산경영론집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.65-106
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• 1986

1, The Purpose of Study This is a study on the Evaluation of the operating of Fisheries Extension Services of Korea, for performing the activities such as guiding fisheries technique as well as offering industrial information to the fishermen in fishing village. By doing so, the Fisheries Extension Sevices(FES) can materialize the continued growth of fisheries, the social and economic development of fishing village, and the increase in income by enhancing the knowledge level of Fishermen, etc. In performing fisheries policy, this activity plays a great role on the research and development activity, and it has become practical since 1976 in Korea. In order to meet immediately with the problem of fisheries technical innovation and rapid environmental changes surrounding the fisheries, the fishermen should not only enhance their scientific and comprehensive capacity in fisheries technique but abtain various effective information. Generally, as most of all the fishemen are poor in the managerial structure and scattered in fishing villages, they have little opportunity in the contact of information. As a result, it is nessessary for the FES to perform the fishing business by the extension service officials who has received special training and acquired fisheries know-how in these fields. And yet, FES is under the unfullfilled circumstance in such factors as manpower, technical know-how, equipment, and the service system etc., which is required in promoting the social, economic development of fishing village and in resolving the high technique demand of fisherman. This study on the fisheries extension services have been studied from those backgrounds. 2. Research Method The data of collecting methods which were necessary in carrying out this study was adopted by the questionaire research on the present extension service activity, through the subject of the extension services (driving agency of the work and the officials), the object(fishemen) and the 3rd observers to the extension services (the authorities concerned). The research sample was taken by the sampling extraction of total 1, 774 men from the above 3 groups. And the research was carried out from August, 1986 to October, 1986, supported from the Fisheries Extension Office (FEO) located in field during the research process. In this study, the levels of the extension operating were determined and estimated in accordance with the extension service method, morale of extension service officials and the extension service system, etc. through the collected data of the research questionaire paper. And based on this result, the essential conditions of the extension services were grasped, and also we tried to present the various activity plan necessary to promote the operating of the extension services. The questionaire research data was calculated by the computer center of National Fisheries University of Pusan, and the total result was again tried on the one demension analysis along with two dimension analysis to search out the relativity between the questionaire, and the statistical test was done $\chi$$^2$test in significance level of l~5%. 3. Contents of Study This study consists of 7 chapters and the contents are as follows : Chapter I : The object and method of the study Chapter II : The assessment and analysis of the extension services Chapter III : The contents and method of the extension services Chapter IV : Analysis of the essential conditions for the extension services Chapter V : The evaluation of activities of extension services Chapter Ⅵ : Conclusion.4. Results and RecommendationTherefore, the results of this study estimated by logical process and analysis are as follows : 1) Most of Korean fishing villages and coastal fishermen have shown much concerns about fisheries technique and social changes, thus many of them were confronted with new problems on how to adapt and to meet changes. 2) Majority of fishermen estimated FEO as an organization of specific technologies with all the thing concerning the fisheries technique in general. Therefore the fishermen wanted to utilize the FEO as an adaptable method for the modern fisheries techniques as well as the environmental changes. 3) In contrast with the fast changes of the fisheries technique, the complexity and variety of technical system and the broadness of fishing village and fishermen, it was revealed that the necessary factors such as the facilities, manpower, budget, and the level of applying techniques of the FEO located in field were highly insufficient. Accordingly, the guiding efficiency was low and the extension services did not provide full solution to the various request from fishermen. 4) It is possible to classify the activation factor for the extension service into two large dimension ; personal dimension relevant to guidance officials and work dimension relevant to the organization. And it was found that the activation level of the work dimension was far lower than the personal dimension between them. So, the activation should be done first in the dimesion to promote the activation of the extension services. 5) The extension services officials are now demoralized in general, thus it is necessary to take reality into consideration : the expense of activity, the adequate endowment of activity scope and the reasonable operation of the position class, etc to enhance its morale. However, in order to do the FES activation, first of all, the systems should be established which is lain unsettled stage until now. And there must be change in the understanding of government i.e. the fisheries extension services are the essential policy subject to build up the base of fisheries growth and modernize the fisheries management. And it should be driven positively with the recognition of the "lasting project".g project".uot;.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.60-82
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• 1977

The purpose of this study is first, to analyse the present nursing education and the curriculum in Korea in view of the changes and the new tendency of nursing education and second, to compare our curriculum with that of America, where nursing activities are actively earring on and, third, to try to find out what we should reconsider and improve in our nursing education. The object of this study is the educational program and the curriculum from 1973 to 1976 by selecting each five from colleges and department of nursing in Korea and America. The results of the study were as fellows : . 1. The aim of nursing education puts impassion the role of leader, knowledge and technology of nursing, welfare of society and service of community in both the America and Korea. In Korea nursing is mainly restricted to the treatment of diseases, while in the America the items of the aim of nursing are mainly extended to the capacity for Self- realization of nurse, in Korea they are restricted to the treatment of diseases. 2. In Korea the rate of credit of the curriculum of nursing education is the highest in professional education, next in general education, next in supporting science and educational subject, while in America the rate of the credit is the highest in general education, next professional education and then supporting Science and educational subject isn′t included in the curriculum. 3. In both Korea and America the role of the animal credit allotment in general education, is the highest in the first year and the rate in supporting science is the highest in the second year. In Korea professional subjects are concentrated in the third year while in America there is a tendency that they are increasing in number in the grade order. 4. There is a tendency that the rate of the credit allotment of the main professional subjects in curriculum is higher in Korea than in America : that is, in Korea the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in medical - surgical nursing, next maternal - child nursing, next community - health nursing and the psychiatric nursing and there in a great difference in the rate of the allotment of each credit. While in America the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in community - health nursing, next in medical- surgical nursing, next in maternal - child nursing, and then in psychiatric nursing and there is little difference in the rate of tile allotment of each credit. 5. From general education, supporting science and professional education, they have considered the continuity and sequence in the structure of nursing curriculum of Korea and America. While in Korea we have partly made integration in tile content of the subjects. Most of the school in America, they have made integration in the content of subjects especially in all subjects, but in Korea we haven't made it in all subjects. 6. In the system and form of nursing education Problem solving method, Dialectical method and operational method are introduced in some America schools and in others there is a tendency that the whole nursing education has the system based on Preventive frame - work or Health -illness frame work ; while only one college has an attempt for Health - Illness continue in Korea. 7. In Korea nursing education, as the importance of health- nursing and team nursing, the aim which is also comparatively emphasized is about health management and service of collective community. The subject pertaining to the aim is the studies of community health nursing, which are more in number in America. 8. When we consider the association between the social, general aims ?f the nursing education and the formation of the curriculum in Korean nursing school the courses of study concerning "the role of leadership and cooperative personal relation": "nursing care for the group": dynamic nursing care": and "the system of the public health nursing associated with the understanding of the regional community" are insufficient as compared with those of America. Especially, the lack of the behavioral science including the nursing care connected with the care for the group, the basic science on the clinical and developmental psychology, anthropology in known to be a prominent issue.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.67-88
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• 2018

최근까지도 중소기업의 지속성장 및 경쟁력 확보에 대한 중요함을 인식함에 따라, 정부 차원에서의 유형 자원(R&D 인력, 자금 등)에 대한 지원이 주로 투입되어 왔다. 그러나 사업지원의 적절성이나 효과성, 효율성 면에서 서로 상충되는 정책부분이 존재하여 과소 지원이나 중복 지원 등 지원체계의 비효율성 문제가 제기되어온 것도 사실이다. 정부나 기업 관점에서는 중소기업의 한정된 자원으로 인해, 외부와의 협력을 통한 기술개발 및 역량강화가 기업의 경쟁우위를 창출하는 근간이라 보고 있으며, 이를 위한 가치창출 활동을 강조하고 있다. 기업 레벨에서의 지식생태계 구축을 통해 일련의 가치사슬로부터 기업거래 관계를 분석하고 결과를 가시화할 수 있는 밸류체인 네트워크 분석이 필요한 것도 이 때문이다. 특허/제품/기업명 검색을 통해 관련 제품의 정보나 특허 보유 기업의 기술(제품) 현황 정보를 제공하는 기술기회발굴시스템(Technology Opportunity Discovery system), 기업(재무)정보와 신용정보을 열람하게 해주는 CRETOP이나 KISLINE 등은 존재하고 있으나 밸류체인 네트워크 분석기반으로 유사(경쟁)기업의 리스트나 향후 거래 가능한 잠재 거래처 정보를 제공해주는 시스템은 부재한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 고에서는 KISTI에서 개발 운영중인 기업 비즈니스 전략수립 지원 파트너인 '밸류체인 네트워크 시스템(Value Chain Network System : VCNS)'을 중심으로, 탑재된 네트워크 기반 분석모듈의 유형, 이를 지원하는 참조정보 및 데이터베이스(D/B)의 구성 로직과 시스템 활용방안을 고찰하며, 산업구조를 이해하고 기업의 신제품 개발을 위한 핵심정보가 되고 있는 지능형 밸류체인 분석 시스템의 네트워크 가시화 기능을 살펴보기로 한다. 한 기업이 다른 기업 대비 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위해서는 보유 특허 또는 현재 생산하고 있는 제품에 대한 경쟁자 식별이 필요하며, 세부 업종별 유사(경쟁)기업을 탐색하는 일은 대상기업의 사업화 경쟁력 확보에 핵심이 된다. 또한 기업간 비즈니스 활동인 거래정보는 유사 분야로 진출할 경우 잠재 거래처 정보를 제공하는 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 이러한 기업간 판매정보를 기반으로 구축된 네트워크 맵을 활용하여 기업 또는 업종 수준의 경쟁자를 식별하는 일은 밸류체인 분석의 핵심모듈로 탑재될 수 있다. 밸류체인 네트워크 시스템(VCNS)은 단순 수집된 종래의 기업정보에 밸류체인(value chain) 및 산업구조 분석개념을 접목하여 개별 기업의 시장경쟁 상황은 물론 특정 산업의 가치사슬 관계를 파악할 수 있다. 특히 업종구조 파악, 경쟁사 동향 파악, 경쟁사 분석, 판매처 및 구매처 발굴, 품목별 산업동향, 유망 품목 발굴, 신규 진입기업 발굴, VC별 핵심기업 및 품목 도출, 해당 기업별 보유 특허 파악 등 기업 레벨에서의 유용한 정보분석 툴로 활용 가능하다. 또한, 거래처 정보 및 재무데이터로부터 분석된 결과의 객관성 및 신뢰성을 기반으로, 현재 국내에서 이용 중인 15,000여개 회원기업과 연구개발서비스업 종사자, 출연(연) 및 공공기관 등에서 사업평가 정보지원, R&D 의사결정 지원 및 중 단기 수요예측 전망 등 다양한 목적(용도)에 밸류체인 네트워크 시스템을 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 기업의 사업경쟁력 강화를 위해 정부기관 및 민간 연구개발서비스 기업을 중심으로 기술(특허) 및 시장정보가 제공되어 왔으며, 이는 특허분석(등급, 계량분석 위주) 또는 시장분석(시장보고서 기반 시장규모 및 수요예측 위주)의 형태로 지원되어 왔다. 그러나 기업이 사업화진출 단계에서 겪게 되는 애로요인의 하나인 정보부족을 해결하는데 한계가 있었으며, 특히 경쟁기업 및 거래가능 기업 후보군에 대한 탐색정보는 입수하기 어려웠다. 본 연구를 통해 제안된 네트워크맵 및 보유 데이터 기반의 실시간 밸류체인 가시화 서비스모듈이 중견 중소기업이 당면한 신규시장 진출시 경쟁기업 대비 예상점유율, (예상)매출액 수준, 어느 기업을 컨택하여 유통망(원자재/부품에 대한 공급처, 완제품/모듈에 대한 수요처)을 확보할 지에 대한 핵심정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 향후 연구에서는 대체기업(또는 대체품목) 경쟁지표의 개발과 연구주체의 참여를 통한 경쟁요인별 지표의 고도화 연구, VCNS의 성능향상을 위한 데이터마이닝 기술 및 알고리즘을 추가 반영하도록 수행하고자 한다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.34-63
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• 2003

Occupational and environmental exposure to manganese continue to represent a realistic public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Increased utility of MMT as a replacement for lead in gasoline creates a new source of environmental exposure to manganese. It is, therefore, imperative that further attention be directed at molecular neurotoxicology of manganese. A Need for a more complete understanding of manganese functions both in health and disease, and for a better defined role of manganese in iron metabolism is well substantiated. The in-depth studies in this area should provide novel information on the potential public health risk associated with manganese exposure. It will also explore novel mechanism(s) of manganese-induced neurotoxicity from the angle of Mn-Fe interaction at both systemic and cellular levels. More importantly, the result of these studies will offer clues to the etiology of IPD and its associated abnormal iron and energy metabolism. To achieve these goals, however, a number of outstanding questions remain to be resolved. First, one must understand what species of manganese in the biological matrices plays critical role in the induction of neurotoxicity, Mn(II) or Mn(III)? In our own studies with aconitase, Cpx-I, and Cpx-II, manganese was added to the buffers as the divalent salt, i.e., $MnCl_2$. While it is quite reasonable to suggest that the effect on aconitase and/or Cpx-I activites was associated with the divalent species of manganese, the experimental design does not preclude the possibility that a manganese species of higher oxidation state, such as Mn(III), is required for the induction of these effects. The ionic radius of Mn(III) is 65 ppm, which is similar to the ionic size to Fe(III) (65 ppm at the high spin state) in aconitase (Nieboer and Fletcher, 1996; Sneed et al., 1953). Thus it is plausible that the higher oxidation state of manganese optimally fits into the geometric space of aconitase, serving as the active species in this enzymatic reaction. In the current literature, most of the studies on manganese toxicity have used Mn(II) as $MnCl_2$ rather than Mn(III). The obvious advantage of Mn(II) is its good water solubility, which allows effortless preparation in either in vivo or in vitro investigation, whereas almost all of the Mn(III) salt products on the comparison between two valent manganese species nearly infeasible. Thus a more intimate collaboration with physiochemists to develop a better way to study Mn(III) species in biological matrices is pressingly needed. Second, In spite of the special affinity of manganese for mitochondria and its similar chemical properties to iron, there is a sound reason to postulate that manganese may act as an iron surrogate in certain iron-requiring enzymes. It is, therefore, imperative to design the physiochemical studies to determine whether manganese can indeed exchange with iron in proteins, and to understand how manganese interacts with tertiary structure of proteins. The studies on binding properties (such as affinity constant, dissociation parameter, etc.) of manganese and iron to key enzymes associated with iron and energy regulation would add additional information to our knowledge of Mn-Fe neurotoxicity. Third, manganese exposure, either in vivo or in vitro, promotes cellular overload of iron. It is still unclear, however, how exactly manganese interacts with cellular iron regulatory processes and what is the mechanism underlying this cellular iron overload. As discussed above, the binding of IRP-I to TfR mRNA leads to the expression of TfR, thereby increasing cellular iron uptake. The sequence encoding TfR mRNA, in particular IRE fragments, has been well-documented in literature. It is therefore possible to use molecular technique to elaborate whether manganese cytotoxicity influences the mRNA expression of iron regulatory proteins and how manganese exposure alters the binding activity of IPRs to TfR mRNA. Finally, the current manganese investigation has largely focused on the issues ranging from disposition/toxicity study to the characterization of clinical symptoms. Much less has been done regarding the risk assessment of environmenta/occupational exposure. One of the unsolved, pressing puzzles is the lack of reliable biomarker(s) for manganese-induced neurologic lesions in long-term, low-level exposure situation. Lack of such a diagnostic means renders it impossible to assess the human health risk and long-term social impact associated with potentially elevated manganese in environment. The biochemical interaction between manganese and iron, particularly the ensuing subtle changes of certain relevant proteins, provides the opportunity to identify and develop such a specific biomarker for manganese-induced neuronal damage. By learning the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity, one will be able to find a better way for prediction and treatment of manganese-initiated neurodegenerative diseases.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

신규 제초제 작용점의 발굴은 유전체학과 조합화학 등 새로운 기술이 등장하여 그 가능성이 높아지고 있다. 대략 $10^{30}$에서 $10^{50}$여 개의 화학물질의 합성이 가능하고 50,000여 개의 식물 유전자 지도가 완성되어 이들의 조합으로 새로운 제초제의 작용점 발굴 가능성이 높아지게 될 것이다. 즉, 고등식물이 가지고 있는 50,000여 개의 유전자 가운데 0.1%, 1.0% 또는 10%가 신규 작용점이 된다면 50, 500, 5000개의 신규 작용점을 발견할 수 있는 것이다. 신규 제초제의 개발을 위해서는 target enzyme의 선택과 결정, 저해제의 설계, 작용점까지 도달하는 과정, 대사적인 운명 등 여러가지 요인들이 검토되어야 한다. 이러한 과정에서 가장 중요한 것은 확실한 작용점의 선택에 있다. 또한 다양한 생화학적 정보를 통하여 작용점/효소의 저해로부터 고사에 이르는 과정을 이해함은 물론 보다 강력한 저해제의 합성과 살초과정을 이해할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 그 동안에는 이미 알려진 작용점을 대상으로 신규 화합물을 합성하거나 유도체를 개발하는 것이 대부분이었지만 최근에는 antisense 기법 등을 활용하여 새로운 치사관련 작용점을 찾아내는데 잠재력과 가능성을 확대시켜주고 있다. 새로운 치사관련 작용점을 발굴한 후에는 대상효소의 화학적, 생화학적 기능과 단백질의 구조를 분석하여 강력한 저해제를 설계하는데 활용하게 될 것이다. 치사관련 돌연변이체와 antisense 기법을 활용하고, 식물 생리학적 반응을 기초로 하여 리드화합물을 탐색하는 것은 새로운 접근방식이며 농약 화학적 특성을 갖는 효소 저해제들의 합성은 크게 6가지로 할 수 있다. 공통특이시얀 기질 유사체 합성, affinity labels, 자살기질체, 반응중간산물, 그리고 extraneous site inhibitors 등을 들 수 있다. 이와 같은 방법으로 후보화합물이 선발된다 하여도 실제식물에 처리하여 흡수, 이행, 대사 등에 관한 시험이 반드시 이루어져야 새로운 제초제를 탄생시킬 수 있다. 또한 약물의 전달과정과 무독화작용을 통하여 pro-herbicide에 대한 연구를 진행하게 될 것이며, 마지막으로 잡초와 작물간의 선택성이 고려되어야 효소 측이적 접근방식에 의한 신규 선택성 제초제의 개발이 성공할 수 있는 것이다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.273-314
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• 2004

There is a belief in the construction industry that the traditional court system may not be an ideal forum to effectively and efficiently resolve construction disputes due to the protracted proceedings and the three tier appeal system resulting in a long delay in the final and conclusive settlement of the dispute, relatively high costs involved, the lack of requisite knowledge and experience in the relevant industry, etc. Hence, they assert that certain alternative dispute resolution ('ADR') methods, such as mediation, conciliation, arbitration or a new system for dispute settlement in the form of any combination thereof should be developed and employed for construction disputes so as to resolve them more promptly and efficiently to the satisfaction of all the disputants concerned. This paper discusses certain merits of such assertions and the need for additional considerations for effective resolution of the construction disputes in light of the complexity of the case, importance of expert witnesses, parties' relationship and non-level playing field of the construction industry and so on. At the same time, however, given the inherent nature of disputes rendering the parties involved in an adversarial position, it would rather be difficult, if not practically impossible, to satisfy all the parties concerned in the dispute. Accordingly, in this study, it is also purported to address the demerits of such assertions by studying the situation from a more balanced perspective, in particular, in relation to the operation of such ADRs. In fact, most of such ADRs as stipulated by special acts, such as the Construction Industry Basic Act of Korea, in the form of mediation or conciliation, have failed to get support from the industry, and as a result, such ADRs are seldom used in practice. Tn contrast, the court system has been greatly improved by implementing a new concentrated review system and establishing several tribunals designed to specialize in the review and resolution of specific types of disputes, including the construction disputes. These improvements of the court system have been warmly received by the industry. Arbitration is another forum for settlement of construction disputes, which has grown and is expected to grow as the most effective ADR with the support from the construction industry. In this regard, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board ('KCAB') has established a set of internal rules end procedures in operation to efficiently handle construction disputes. Considering the foregoing, this paper addresses the most important elements of the arbitration, i.e., arbitration agreement and arbitral award, primarily focusing on the domestic arbitrations before the KCAB. However, since this parer is prepared for presentation at the construction disputes seminar for the public audience, it is not intended for academic purposes, nor does it delve into any specific acadcmic issues. Likewise, although this paper addresses certain controversial issues by way of introduction, it mainly purports to facilitate the understanding of the general public, including the prospective arbitrators on the KCAB roster without the relevant legal education and background, concerning the importance of the integrity of the arbitration agreement and the arbitral award. In sum, what is purported in this study is simply to note that there are still many outstanding issues with mediation, conciliation and arbitration, as a matter of system, institutional operation or otherwise, for further study and consideration so as to enhance them as effective means for settlement of construction disputes, in replacement of or in conjunction with the court proceeding. For this purpose, it is essential for all the relevant parties, including lawyers, engineers, owners, contractors and social activists aiming to protect consumers' and subcontractors' interests, to conduct joint efforts to study the complicated nature of construction works and to develop effective means for examination and handling of the disputes of a technical nature, including the accumulation of the relevant industrial data. Based on the foregoing, the parties may be in a better position to select the appropriate dispute resolution mechanism, a court proceeding or in its stead, an effective ADR, considering the relevant factors of the subject construction works or the contract structure, such as the bargaining position of the parties, their financial status, confidentiality requirements, technical or commercial complexity of the case at hand, urgency for settlements, etc.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.177-192
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• 2016

기계학습(Machine Learning)은 인공 지능의 한 분야로, 데이터를 이용하여 기계를 학습시켜 기계 스스로가 데이터 분석 및 예측을 하게 만드는 것과 관련한 컴퓨터 과학의 한 영역을 일컫는다. 그중에서 SVM(Support Vector Machines)은 주로 분류와 회귀 분석을 목적으로 사용되는 모델이다. 어느 두 집단에 속한 데이터들에 대한 정보를 얻었을 때, SVM 모델은 주어진 데이터 집합을 바탕으로 하여 새로운 데이터가 어느 집단에 속할지를 판단해준다. 최근 들어서 많은 금융전문가는 기계학습과 막대한 데이터가 존재하는 금융 분야와의 접목 가능성을 보며 기계학습에 집중하고 있다. 그러면서 각 금융사는 고도화된 알고리즘과 빅데이터를 통해 여러 금융업무 수행이 가능한 로봇(Robot)과 투자전문가(Advisor)의 합성어인 로보어드바이저(Robo-Advisor) 서비스를 발 빠르게 제공하기 시작했다. 따라서 현재의 금융 동향을 고려하여 본 연구에서는 기계학습 방법의 하나인 SVM을 활용하여 매매성과를 올리는 방법에 대해 제안하고자 한다. SVM을 통한 예측대상은 한국형 변동성지수인 VKOSPI이다. VKOSPI는 금융파생상품의 한 종류인 옵션의 가격에 영향을 미친다. VKOSPI는 흔히 말하는 변동성과 같고 VKOSPI 값은 옵션의 종류와 관계없이 옵션 가격과 정비례하는 특성이 있다. 그러므로 VKOSPI의 정확한 예측은 옵션 매매에서의 수익을 낼 수 있는 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 지금까지 기계학습을 기반으로 한 VKOSPI의 예측을 다룬 연구는 없었다. 본 연구에서는 SVM을 통해 일 중의 VKOSPI를 예측하였고, 예측 내용을 바탕으로 옵션 매매에 대한 적용 가능 여부를 실험하였으며 실제로 향상된 매매 성과가 나타남을 증명하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.5-8
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• 1981

This study concerns itself with the development of a new model of comprehensive health service for rural communities of Korea. The study was conceived to resolve the problems of both underservice in rural communities and underutilization of valuable health manpower, namely the nurses, the disenchanted elite health personnel in Korea. On review of the current situation, the greatest deficiencies in the Korean health care system were found in the availability of primary care at the peripheries of md communities, in the dissemination of knowledge of disease prevention and health care, and in the induction of and guidance for active participation by the clientele in health maintenance at the personal, family and community level Abundant untapped health resources were identified that could be brough to bear upon the national effort to extend health services to every member of the Korean Population. Therefore, it was Postulated that the problem of underservice in rural communities of Korea can be structurcturally resolved by the effective mobilization and organization of untapped health resources, and that. a primary care Nursing Service System offers the best possibility for fulfillment of rural health service goals within the current health man-power situation. In order to identify appropriate strategies to combat the present difficulties in Korean rural health services and to utilize nurses and other health personnel in community-centered health programs, a search was made for examples of innovative service models throughout the world. An extensive literature survey and field visits to project sites both in Korea and in the United States were made. Experts in the field of world health, health service, planners, administrators, and medical and nursing practitioners in Korea, in the United States as well as visitors from other Asian countries were widely consulted. On the basis of information and inputs from these experts a new rural health service model has been constructed within the conceptual framework of community development, especially of the innovation diffusion Model. It is considered especially important that citizens in each community develop capacities for self-care with assistance and supports from available health professionals and participate in health service-related decisions that affect their own well-being. The proposed model is based upon the regionalization of health care planning utilizing a comprehensive Nursing Service System at the immediate delivery level The model features: (1) a health administration unit at each administrative level; (2) mechanisms for community participation; (3) a continuous source of primary health care at the local community level; (4) relative centralization of specialty care and provision of tertiary or super-specialty care only at major national metropolitan centers; and (5) a system for patient referral to the appropriate level of care. This model has been built around professional nurses as the key community health workers because their training is particularly suited and because large numbers of well-trained nurses are currently available and being trained. The special element in this model is a professional nurse-guided, self-care facilitating primary care Community Nursing Service System. This is supported by a Nursing Extension Service as a new training and support structure. (See attached diagrams). A broad spectrum of programs was proposed for the Community Nursing Service System. These were designed to establish a balance of activities between the clinic-centered individual care component and the field activity-centered educational and supportive component of health care services. Examples of possible program alternatives and proposed guidelines for health care in specific situations were presented, as well as the roles and functions of the key health personnel within the Community Nursing Service System. This Rural Health Service Model was proposed as a real alternative to the maldistributed, inequitable, uncoordinated solo-practice, physician-centered fee-for-service health care available to Koreans today.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2010

这是一家私人, 第三代家族拥有的公司, Boom Technologies 公司(BTI). 对电力设施提供产品和服务的供应商, 通信和承包商的市场,不断进步的出口. 尽管在2008年出口销售只占总收入的5%, BTI已形成了一个完整的出口部门. 他们的出口部门的执行董事揭示了一家私营公司的试验和错误以及他们对成功的海外市场的疑问. 自成立以来, BTI始终相信它最大的资产是它的雇员. 当出口销售因为缺乏战略和方向而挣扎时, BTI为其出口部门雇了一位董事总经理. 在BTI总裁和总经理的领导下, 他们很好的利用了这个部门的技能和知识. 为向海外扩展他们的市场份额, 增加出口销售他们进行了机构调整. 结果就是, 出口销售增加了4倍, 国家的地区经理增加了, 同时成功养成了分销渠道网络. 有时, 由于公司的结构, 收入形成很难决定. 因此, 在1996年, 出口部门重组为有限责任公司. 这使得公司改进收入和费用. 最初, 80%的BTI出口销售来自两个国家;因此,最初在海外出售的方法并没有达到预期目标. 然而, 所做的修改, 使得现在公司 经营, 销售超过80个国家. 总经理指出主要有三个出口扩张挑战 1. 产品和船运—BTI主要障碍是产品装配. 最初, 大多数的产品被聚集在美国, 这增加了运输包装费用. 有这么多的部分指定订购, 很多次定的东西到的时候有些零部件都丢失了. 失踪的零件价值上万美元. 装运这些失踪的部分也花费成千上万的美元, 外加一个延迟交货时间六到八周, 所有的费用都由BTI出. 2. 产品适应—在BTI80个出口国家中, 每个国家的安全, 产品标准都不同. 重量, 特殊证, 产品的规格要求, 测量系统的稳定性, 卡车都会因国别而不同. 作为一种准入障碍,以致很难使产品适应. 技术和安全标准的障碍, 作为一种保护国内产业的方法, 可以阻碍成功的进入外国市场 3. 市场的挑战—分销的重要性给BTI带来了很多挑战,因为他们试图根据他们的分销系统来确定每个国家如何操作. 有些国家已经从一个小的竞争对手, 只生产一种具有竞争力的产品而极具竞争力. 而BTI制造超过100种的产品. 营销资料是另一个BTI所关心的, 因为他们试图对经销商推动销售成本. 从翻译和文化差异的角度, 合适的市场营销资料可能会花费很多. 此外, 美国的纸张大小不同于别的一些国家, 当试图复制相同的布局和设计时, 就会出现许多问题. 分销已经成为BTI所面临的挑战之一, 公司宣称他们的分销网络是他们的竞争优势之一, 因为他们的分销商的位置和名字都是保密的. 另外, BTI每年有两次奉献: 培训分销商一年, 另一个是分销商会议. 产品, 航运, 产品适应性, 营销这些挑战,这些海外市场错综复杂需要时间和耐心. 另一个竞争优势是BTI的摇篮到坟墓的策略, 他们遵循产品销售到它的最终安息地, 无论卡车是出租或购买新的或用过的. 他们对该公司购买或租赁之前的产品都提供服务和设备维护计划和一份详细的费用分析. 扩大海外总是会面临挑战. 如总经理说, "如果你没有耐心(出口业务), 你最好做别的事." 知道如何快速适应提供必要的技能, 适应每个国家的不同需求, 以及独特的挑战, 使他们能够保持竞争力.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.161-178
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• 1998

In spite of the great progress of the theory and skill of the Nursing Care & Medical area in relation to pregnancy, nurses in clinics face up to many challenges in maternity nursing care areas. The reason is that the mobility and mortality of mothers was sharply decreased and the unknown high-risk diseases of pregnancy woman in the past is made public. That's why it is difficult to meet the pregnancy woman in natural process from pregnancy to delivery in recently. Admission rooms are filled with high-risk pregnancy women. As a matter of fact, we have done nursing care into the surface symptoms and diseases of high-risk pregnancy women so far. We have been indifferent to a long period hospitalization, separation from family, and conflict of repeated examination. Therefore, it is widely spread to understand the emotional conflict experienced by high-risk pregnancy women and to need for nursing intervention to bring up about emotional support and the ability of perception in psychological crisis. Although the pregnancy woman judged in high-risk should carry out normal task of pregnancy, she have to be confronted with secondary risk situation. The health of self & fetus threatened by the risk situation could be decreased through care plan, but psychological stress increases. Therefore, the pregnancy brings into non-control state. It is important to ask that what the hospitalized pregnancy women in high-risk think of themselves status. Because misunderstanding or serious anxiety of themselves status put into mother and fetus in danger. And adaptation mode makes all the difference. I would like to consider how nurses could deal with this high-risk circumstances in the position of pregnancy woman on the basis of the above fact. This study uses phenomenological method to suggest the basis material for nurses to do nursing intervention in view of pregnancy woman. Because this method understands the nature of true life of pregnancy woman throughly. The phenomenological method is the sources to describe or explain affluently the process generated in confirmation areas and environment and is the application for readers to understand and recognize clinic reality and then apply this method to reasoning study place or other places. Specifically, the phenomenon study method, one of the phenomenological method, is applied. The use of that method is to describe and generalize the experience in environment exactly. The study of this study is as follows : Among 187 descriptive stamens from 8 study participants are classified into 42 theme cluster at the stage of the first analysis. Those theme is categorized into 8 sub-subjects such as anxiety of uncertainty, foreknowledge about risk circumstance, will power about overcome, unsettled feeling about hospital, relief, optimistic thought, family support, and indifferences. At the last stage of analysis, those things are categorized into 3 subjects. When high-risk pregnancy woman foretell the situation, they feel unsettlement about uncertainty and untrust feeling about hospital. But they are ease with family support and hospital support. On the other hand, they express indifferent 3-way structure response to the situation having will of overcome and exceeding optimistic thought. In those statements, the experience by pregnancy woman shows 3 respect subjects. 1. They are anxious of this situation and are in desperation and don't recognize their role to be carried out 2. They think of this situation as normal process of pregnancy and are not concerned that this can give themselves and fetus fatal damage. 3. The pregnancy women will never confront this situation. This study shows the pregnancy woman has anxiety and optimistic relief about the situation, and ignores and optimistic relief about the situation, and ignores many things. Therefore, nurses in clinic should give pregnancy woman knowledge and information about the high-risk and help them to deal with the situation spontaneously. High-risk pregnancy woman should have the care plan in respect of the right perception. And the nurse know that their support help out pregnancy woman overcome the crisis in this respect of the special nursing intervention.