• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2023

Structural integrity can be accessed from dynamic deformations of structures. Moreover, dynamic deformations can be acquired from non-contact sensors such as video cameras. Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) algorithm is one of the commonly used methods for motion tracking. However, averaging throughout the extracted features would induce bias in the measurement. In addition, pixel-wise measurements can be converted to physical units through camera intrinsic. Still, the depth information is unreachable without prior knowledge of the space information. The assigned homogeneous coordinates would then mismatch manually selected feature points, resulting in measurement errors during coordinate transformation. In this study, a two-stage optimization method for video-based measurements is proposed. The manually selected feature points are first optimized by minimizing the errors compared with the homogeneous coordinate. Then, the optimized points are utilized for the KLT algorithm to extract displacements through inverse projection. Two additional criteria are employed to eliminate outliers from KLT, resulting in more reliable displacement responses. The second-stage optimization subsequently fine-tunes the geometry of the selected coordinates. The optimization process also considers the number of interpolation points at different depths of an image to reduce the effect of out-of-plane motions. As a result, the proposed method is numerically investigated by using a truss bridge as a physics-based graphic model (PBGM) to extract high-accuracy displacements from recorded videos under various capturing angles and structural conditions.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

신재생 에너지 개발에 대한 사회적 요구가 증가하면서 경제성 및 기술 성숙도가 높은 풍력발전이 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 대규모 에너지 생산을 위해 풍력 터빈의 대형화와 해상풍력 단지 개발에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 운영 및 관리(O&M, Operation and Management) 측면에서의 구조적 안전성 평가 및 유지관리의 중요성 또한 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 안전성 평가를 위한 여러 항목 중 터빈 상부 즉, 허브 높이에서의 변위는 구조물의 강성에 의해 지배되는 직접적인 지표로, 구조물의 건전상태를 쉽게 평가할 수 있는 지표라 할 수 있다. 그러나 풍력 터빈과 같은 대형 구조물의 변위 측정은 장비의 한계로 직접적으로 측정하기에는 많은 어려움이 따른다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 (1) 경사와 가속도의 동적 계측응답 자료를 융합하여 간접적으로 변위를 추정하는 방법을 제안하고, (2) 제안된 방법을 제원이 공개되어 있는 NREL 5 MW급 풍력 터빈에 적용하여 경사계의 수, 경사계의 잡음 수준 및 계측 주파수에 따른 변위 추정의 정확도를 평가하였으며, 실제 변위 측정을 위한 매개변수 연구를 수행하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2008

구조물의 대표적 동적특성인 고유진동수 및 모드형상은 손상평가, 구조계추정기법 등과 결합한 구조건전성 평가분야에서 매우 중요한 기초 자료로 활용되고 있다. 그러나 해양구조물이나 대경간 교량과 같은 대형 구조물의 경우 진동원을 정확히 계측하기 힘들기 때문에 소규모의 구조물에 많이 쓰이는 기존의 모달 테스트 기법으로는 구조물의 진동특성을 구할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 경간이 긴 대형 트러스 구조물을 대상으로 가속도 응답만으로 고유진동수 및 모드형상을 추출할 수 있는 방법을 연구하였다. 트러스 구조물의 수치해석 모델을 이용하여 가속도 응답 및 주파수 응답함수의 생성과정, 모드분석을 통한 고유진동수 및 모드형상 추출과정을 상세히 설명하였다. 제안한 방법으로 얻은 모드형상은 고유치 해석으로부터 계산된 모드형상과 비교하여 정확성을 검증하였으며, 모의 손상을 통한 손상평가기법에 적용하여 타당성을 입증하였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.741-749
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• 2018

Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are necessary to achieve smart predictive maintenance and repair planning as well as they lead to a safe operation of mechanical structures. In the context of vibration-based SHM the measured structural responses are employed to draw conclusions about the structural integrity. This usually leads to a mathematically illposed inverse problem which needs regularization. The restriction of the solution set of this inverse problem by using prior information about the damage properties is advisable to obtain meaningful solutions. Compared to the undamaged state typically only a few local stiffness changes occur while the other areas remain unchanged. This change can be described by a sparse damage parameter vector. Such a sparse vector can be identified by employing $L_1$-regularization techniques. This paper presents a novel framework for damage parameter identification by combining sparse solution techniques with an Extended Kalman Filter. In order to ensure sparsity of the damage parameter vector the measurement equation is expanded by an additional nonlinear $L_1$-minimizing observation. This fictive measurement equation accomplishes stability of the Extended Kalman Filter and leads to a sparse estimation. For verification, a proof-of-concept example on a quadratic aluminum plate is presented.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.554-559
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• 2008

Most of vehicle manufacturers have applied exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system to the development of diesel engines in order to obtain the high thermal efficiency without $NO_X$ and Particulate Matter (PM) emitted from the engine. EGR system, which reflow a cooled exhaust gas from vehicles burning diesel as fuel to a combustion chamber of engine, has been used to solve this problem. In order to confirm the safety of the EGR system, finite element analysis was carried out. The safety of EGR system against temperature variation in the shell and tubes was evaluated through the thermal and structural analysis, and the modal analysis using ANSYS was also performed. Finally, the performance of EGR system was verified through the experiment and numerical simulation using effectiveness-NTU method. Program for the estimation of the heat exchange efficiency of the EGR system with regard to the dimpled tube shape was developed.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1992

교량, 발전소, 해양구조물과 같은 토목구조물은 사용기간중에 지진, 바람, 파랑하중등에 의해 구조적 손상을 받기 쉽다. 장기간에 걸쳐 구조물에 손상이 누적되면 구조물 전체의 파괴를 초래할 수도 있다. 따라서 현존하는 구조물의 안전성을 분석하기 위한 구조물의 손상도를 추정하는 방법이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 Inverse Modal Perturbation기법을 이용하여 구조물의 손상도를 추정하는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. Perturbation식은 구조물의 강성 및 질량행렬의 변화량과 구조물의 고유진동수와 모우드형상의 변화량의 식으로 구성된다. 또한 구조물의 손상은 강성행렬의 변화량으로 표현하였다. 본 연구에서는 구조물의 손상도추정의 효율성을 증대시키기 위하여 2차-Perturbation식을 구성하고, 이것을 반복적인 절차를 거쳐 해를 구하는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 제안된 방법의 효율성은 일련의 예제해석을 통하여 검증하였으며, 추정된 결과로 부터 본 방법이 구조물의 손상을 적절히 산정함을 알 수 있었다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.405-417
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• 2023

The submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is tethered by mooring lines anchored to the seabed, therefore, the structural integrity of the anchor should be sensitively managed. Despite their importance, reaction forces cannot be simply measured by attaching sensors or load cells because of the structural and environmental characteristics of the submerged structure. Therefore, we propose an effective method for estimating the reaction forces at the seabed anchor of a submerged floating tunnel using a structural pattern model. First, a structural pattern model is established to use the correlation between tunnel motion and anchor reactions via a deep learning algorithm. Once the pattern model is established, it is directly used to estimate the reaction forces by inputting the tunnel motion data, which can be directly measured inside the tunnel. Because the sequential characteristics of responses in the time domain should be considered, the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm is mainly used to recognize structural behavioral patterns. Using hydrodynamics-based simulations, big data on the structural behavior of the SFT under various waves were generated, and the prepared datasets were used to validate the proposed method. The simulation-based validation results clearly show that the proposed method can precisely estimate time-series reactions using only acceleration data. In addition to real-time structural health monitoring, the proposed method can be useful for forensics when an unexpected accident or failure is related to the seabed anchors of the SFT.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2003

Recent deepwater offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico utilize butt welded tubular joints. Application of a welded tubular joint includes tendons, production risers, and steel catenary risers. Fatigue life assessment of these joints becomes more critical, as the structures to which they are attached are allowed to undergo cyclic and sometimes large displacements around an anchored position. Estimation of the fatigue behavior of these tubular members in the design stage is generally condrcted by using S-N curves, as specified in the codeds and standards. Applying the stress concentration factor of the welded structure to the S-N approach often results in a very conservative assessment, because the stress field acting on the tubular has a non-uniform distribution through the thickness. Fatigue life analysis using fracture mechanics has been applied in the design of the catenary risers. This technology enables the engineer to establish proper requirements on weld quality and inspection acceptance criteria to assure satisfactory structural integrity during its design life. It also provides guidance on proper design curves and a methodology for accounting for the effects of non-uniform stress distribution through the wall thickness. Still, there is inconsistency when designing tubular joints using a conventional S-N approach and when specifying weld flaw acceptance criteria using fracture mechanics approach. This study developed fatigue curves that are consistent with both the S-N approach and the fracture mechanics approach. Accounting for non-uniform stress distribution and threshold stress intensity factor were key parameters in relating both approaches. A series of S-N curves, generated from the fracture mechanics approach, were compared to the existing S-N curves. For flat plate butt joint, the S-N curve generated from fracture mechanics matches with the IIW class 100 curve when initial crack depth was 0.5 mm (0.02 ). The new curves for tubular joint agree very well with the experimental results. The comparison also indicated the degree of conservatism built into the API X design curve.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2011

최근 전세계적으로 큰 지진이 빈번히 발생하고 있고, 국내에서도 지진 발생 빈도가 높아짐에 따라 노후화된 토목 구조물에 대한 내진 성능 평가 및 구조 건전성 평가의 중요성이 재조명되고 있다. 하지만 국내 기존 댐 수문에 대한 관련 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 댐 수문 내진 성능 평가 및 구조 건전성 평가의 기초자료가 펴는 댐 수문의 통특성 추정을 위하여 댐 수문에 적용할 수 있는 실험기법을 정립하고, 정립된 실험기법을 통하여 두 종류의 댐 수문에 대한 현장 실험을 수행하였다. 동특성 추정에는 모드 해석 방법 중에 하나인 주파수영역분해기법을 이용하였다. 상시진동실험과 강제진동실험을 이용하여 댐 수문의 동특성을 추정함으로써 두 방법의 성능을 비교하였으며, 상시진동실험이 댐 수문의 동특성을 추정하는데 매우 효과적인 방법임을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology Speciallssue:Selected Papers
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2003

Recent deepwater offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico utilize butt welded tubular joints. Application of a welded tubular joint includes tendons, production risers, and steel catenary risers. Fatigue life assessment of these joints becomes more critical, as the structures to which they are attached are allowed to undergo cyclic and sometimes large displacements around an anchored position. Estimation of the fatigue behavior of these tubular members in the design stage is generally conducted by using S-N curves, as specified in the codes and standards. Applying the stress concentration factor of the welded structure to the S-N approach often results in a very conservative assessment, because the stress field acting on the tubular has a non-uniform distribution through the thickness. Fatigue life analysis using fracture mechanics has been applied in the design of the catenary risers. This technology enables the engineer to establish proper requirements on weld quality and inspection acceptance criteria to assure satisfactory structural integrity during its design life. It also provides guidance on proper design curves and a methodology for accounting for the effects of non-uniform stress distribution through the wall thickness. Still, there is inconsistency when designing tubular joints using a conventional S-N approach and when specifying weld flaw acceptance criteria using fracture mechanics approach. This study developed fatigue curves that are consistent with both the S-N approach and the fracture mechanics approach. Accounting for non-uniform stress distribution and threshold stress intensity factor were key parameters in relating both approaches. A series of S-N curves, generated from the fracture mechanics approach, were compared to the existing S-N curves. For flat plate butt joint, the S-N curve generated from fracture mechanics matches with the IIW class 100 curve when initial crack depth was 0.5 mm (0.02). The new curves for tubular joint agree very well with the experimental results. The comparison also indicated the degree of conservatism built into the API X design curve.