• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the prosodic aspects of ambiguous sentences in Korean produced by Chinese Korean Learners (L1: Chinese, L2: Korean). In Korean, sentence ambiguity can be caused by homonym or syntactically ambiguous structure. In spoken language however all ambiguity can be resolved by different prosodic features according to the meaning that they transmit. In this study we examined whether Chinese Korean Leaners also distinguish, in production, ambiguous sentences on the basis of prosodic characteristics. For this study 4 Korean natives speakers and 10 advanced Chinese Korean learners participated in the production test. The material analysed constituted 10 Korean sentences in which 6 sentences are lexically ambiguous and 4 sentences contain structural ambiguity. The results show that Korean native speakers produced ambiguous sentences by different prosodic structure depending on their semantic and syntactic structure. Chinese speakers also show distinct prosodic structure for different ambiguous sentences in most cases. But in the phonetic realization, the internal pitch range was greater for Korean native speakers than Chinese learners.

• Language and Information
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-79
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• 2003

Coordination in natural language is often syntactically explained by the rule schema X \longrightarrow X′ and X", where X′ and X" refer to expressions of a like syntactic type. While this schema does explain a lot of instances of coordination, it is well known that this schema also gives rise to serious structural ambiguity, leading not only to numerous unintended interpretations but also to a high degree of unnecessary computational complexity. In order to identify intended interpretations, we need to take into account a number of clues at all the levels of morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics/discourse. In this paper, we propose, with an accompanying data analysis, principles of symmetry and coherency for an effective and reasonable identification of intended interpretations from coordination-bearing sentences.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 1996.02a
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• pp.99-108
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• 1996

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.958-963
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• 2008

Korean language has different structural properties which are controlled by semantic constraints of verbs. Also, most of Korean sentences are complex sentences which consisted of main clause and embedded clause. Therefore it is difficult to describe appropriate syntactic grammar or constraint for the Korean language and the Korean parsing causes various syntactic ambiguities. In this paper, we suggest how to describe CFG-based grammar using sentence patterns as syntactic constraint and solve syntactic ambiguities. To solve this, we classified 44 sentence patterns including complex sentences which have subordinate clause in Korean sentences and used it to reduce syntactic ambiguity. However, it is difficult to solve every syntactic ambiguity using the information of sentence patterns. So, we used semantic markers with semantic constraint. Semantic markers can be used to solve ambiguity by auxiliary particle or comitative case particle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 1995.02a
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• pp.115-120
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• 1995

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.153-176
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• 1993

Structual ambiguity is one of those problem that arise in the analysis of natural language sentences.It has been considered very difficult to solve the problem.Structural ambiguity,however,should be resolved no matter how difficult it may be.Otherwise natural language processing could be virtually impossible.A statistical approach to structural disambiguation is proposed in this dissertation.The information-theoretic concept of mutual information has been empolyed in resolving structural ambiguity Mutual information can be acquired in an automatic way.from text corpora. If a structural disambiguation subsystem had the capability of self-evaluating whether the results of structural disambiguation are correct or not.it would be possible to develop a more intelligent natural language proessing system.In this paper,the concept of confidence measure is also proposed to endow the disambiguation subsystem with such intelligence.Confidence measure is a numeric value calculated after structural disambiguation. Some experiments were performed in order to show the validity of the approach.Mutual information was auto matically acquired from a corpus of 1.6milion words that were collected from scientific abstracts.The accuracy of structural disambiguation was 80%when performed over 1,639 test sentences.Notice that there was no manual tuning in advance for the experiments.The task of detecting and correcting errors in structural disambiguation will be performed very effectively if the concept of confidence measure is employed in the process.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2019

Purpose - Previous research has shown that a very high level and a very low level of job scope can both be more stressful than intermediate levels of job scope. This study investigates the potential positive and negative effects of the number of accounts handled by sales personnel. The primary objective of this paper is to examine how the number of accounts salespeople handle affects their stress and performance. Research design, data, and methodology - This research conducted the data collection using a survey of salespeople in the pharmaceutical industry. I sent the survey to 420 salespeople, and received 318 usable responses. To assess measurement reliability and validity, I ran an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. I also employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test all hypothesized effects in AMOS and also measured the interaction variable using Ping's (1996) approach. Results - These results show that there are linear and non-linear effects of the number of accounts handled by the salesperson on both role ambiguity and role conflict. First, the number of accounts handled by a salesperson is positively related to role ambiguity and role conflict. Second, the effect of the number of accounts handled on role ambiguity and role conflict decreases as the number of accounts handled by the salesperson increases. Third, as accounts increase from a low level, role stress increases; when the number of accounts reaches an optimal level, role stress decreases; and when the number of accounts increases to a high level, it can be detrimental to the salesperson's role stress. Fourth, while product complexity is positively related to role ambiguity, brand strength is negatively related to both role ambiguity and role conflict. Fifth, the greater the brand strength, the weaker the relationship will be between the number of accounts handled and salesperson role ambiguity. Finally, role ambiguity is positively related to salesperson performance. Conclusion - Too much and too little accounts increase the role ambiguity and role conflict of salespersons. Managers should identify the complex effect of the number of accounts handled by salespeople. Also, when products are complex, managers should provide training to eliminate any complex processes and complex information. These results suggest ways to decrease salespersons' role stress by ensuring an optimal level of the number of accounts and brand strength.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.537-542
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• 2015

SNOMED CT, which is a standard clinical terminology, imposes an ambiguity problem of terminology selections caused by its huge expressive power and structural complexity. It is very difficult to distinguish similar terms and to select an appropriate term among them within short consultation hours. This paper analyzes the ambiguity problem and proposes a novel scheme for comparative search of similar terms. The proposed scheme provides a differential view of similar terms by defining a "is-not-a" relationship based on the hierarchical structure of the concepts. The result of this work improves the utilization of SNOMED CT such that medical officers can efficiently select an appropriate term among similar terms which represents patient's status adequately.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.33
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• pp.157-173
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• 1997

The Mannerism which was born on Italy in 16th century was the critical trend of art influencing the political economical and psychological trends and was the first mo-dality which respected the individual sense of artist. The cultural situation of that time es-pecially the alienation of men is similar to the pluralism of value the coexistency of conflict the acceptance of heterogeneity and uncer-tainty I modern century. This paper analysed the pattern of change in the trend of Mannerism in modern costume by comparing current trend from the past focus-ing th fact that the over-all situation in this century is similar to that of Mannerism in 16th century. In this paper the author suggests the Defor-mation Ambiguity and Irreglarity as the character of manneristic trend which has re-solved the sense of alienation of men by paradoxic expression. The results of comparing the characteristic of mannerism to the modern costume is followd; 1. The Deformation in modern costume is grossly subdivided to the transfrmation of morphology the transformation of scale and the breakdown of equilibrium 2. The ambiguity in the modern costume can be subdivided to the eclecticistic expression and the ambiguity of spatial concept(between inner and outer garments). 3. The illogiclities in modern costume are the technique of illusion structural illogicality and the collage technique.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.357-365
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• 2003

The major problems with the conventional neural network, especially Back Propagation Neural Network, arise from the necessity of many training data for neural network learning and ambiguity in the relation of neural network structure to the convergence of solution. In this paper, the PNN is used as a pattern classifier to detect the damage of structure to avoid those drawbacks of the conventional neural network. In the PNN-based pattern classification problems, the probability density function for patterns is usually assumed by Gaussian distribution. But, in this paper, several probability density functions are investigated in order to select the most approriate one for structural damage assessment.