• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.515-536
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• 2000

This study analyzes the U.S. case law which challenges the legal conclusions of the district court with respect to the applicability, and effect, of the doctrine of waiver and estoppel in addition to the doctrine of documentary cure. The impliations are as follows. First, the documentary cure requirement can not be interpreted to mean early enough to allow the beneficiary to cure and represent the documents before the presentment deadline or expiry date of letter of credit. The mere fact that the presentment period expired before the completion of bank's review and notification process does not compel any conclusion about whether the examiner spent a reasonable amount of time examining the documents. Indeed, the reasonable time requirement does not imply that banks examine a presentation out of order or hurry a decision based upon particular needs or desires of a beneficiary. Secondly, even if the doctrine of waiver can apply to letter of credit governed by the strict compliance standard, a one-time acceptance of discrepant documents by a bank does not waive the bank's right to insist upon conforming documents in all subsequent letter of credit transactions between the bank and beneficiary. Revised UCC Article 5 is highly persuasive on this point: waiver of discrepancies by issuer or an applicant in one or more presentation does not waive similar discrepancies in a future presentation. Neither the issuer nor the beneficiary can reasonably rely upon honor over past waivers as a basis for concluding that a future defective presentation will justify honor.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.197-218
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• 2014

Quite a demanding task frequently arises in space engineering, when dealing with the cargo accommodation of modules and vehicles. The objective of this effort usually aims at maximizing the loaded cargo, or, at least, at meeting the logistic requirements posed by the space agencies. Complex accommodation rules are supposed to be taken into account, in compliance with strict balancing conditions and very tight operational restrictions. The context of the International Space Station (ISS) has paved the way for a relevant research and development activity, providing the company with a remarkable expertise in the field. CAST (Cargo Accommodation Support Tool) is a dedicated in-house software package (funded by the European Space Agency, ESA, and achieved by Thales Alenia Space), to carry out the whole loading of the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV). An ad hoc version, tailored to the Columbus (ISS attached laboratory) on-board stowage issue, has been further implemented and is to be used from now on. This article surveys the overall approach followed, highlighting the advantages of the methodology put forward, both in terms of solution quality and time saving, through an overview of the outcomes obtained to date. Insights on possible extensions to further space applications, especially in the perspective of the paramount challenges of the near future, are, in addition, presented.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed in order to investigate hand hygiene practices among food-service businesses employees based on the awareness of hand-washing and load of indicator bacteria on their hands. It focused on the comparison of full-time and part-time workers in food-service workplaces. Methods: A direct-interview questionnaire survey and microbiological analysis were carried out with sixty workers each. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected through a modified glove-juice method from the hands of the food-service workers and were analyzed for aerobic plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. Microbiological analysis was done according to the Food Code of Korea. Results: Significant differences (p<0.01) were found in the survey between the full-time and part-time workers in hand-washing frequency, use of hand-washing agents, and hand-drying methods. More full-time workers responded to washing their hands after preparing food, after visiting outside, after handling raw materials, and before putting on gloves/when changing gloves than did part-time workers (p<0.05). No remarkable difference was found in bacterial load on the hands except in the aerobic plate count between the two groups. The detection of E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp. on the hands of some food-service workers in both groups revealed poor hand hygiene practices. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that there is a need for training programs in order to improve hand hygiene practices and strict hand hygiene compliance by food-service workers.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.203-207
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• 2013

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a serious hematologic disease characterized by hypocellular bone marrow and deficient production of erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets. Serious complications such as uncontrolled bleeding and bacteremia can occur. A case of severe AA are presented with dental considerations. A 4-year-old boy had been referred from Seoul National University Hospital for dental examination before the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Treatments were planned under general anesthesia, due to the poor compliance. Following medical consult, dental treatments were performed after platelet transfusion and antibiotic prophylaxis. Postoperatively, neither significant bleeding nor complictation was observed. On the time of the treatment planning. the anesthesiologist and dentist should perform a complete hematological assessment. It is imperative not only platelet counts but also other leukocyte counts are under safe boundaries. It is mandatory to follow strict aseptic precautios for all anesthetic and surgical maneuvers. In severe thrombocytopenic patients, platelet transfusion should be considered. Also, it is recommended to establish a good oral hygiene.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2023

조직 내부의 정보 노출 위협에 대한 관리가 조직 전체의 정보보안 목표 달성에 기여할 수 있음이 밝혀지면서, 조직들은 내부자에 적용되는 정보보안 정책을 엄격하게 구축하고, 보안 시스템에 대한 투자를 높이고 있다. 하지만, 정보보안 사고는 한 명의 고의적인 정보 노출에 의해서도 조직에 피해를 주므로, 심리적 측면에서 내부자의 정보보안 준수 행동 강화를 위한 노력을 하는 것이 요구된다. 본 연구는 정보보안에 대한 불확실한 조직환경이 어떻게 개인의 정보보안 관련 행동에 영향을 주는지를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구는 정보보안 정책 구축 및 활용하는 조직의 내부자를 대상으로 설문하였으며, 440개의 표본을 활용하여 가설을 검증하였다. 검증 결과, 정보보안 기술 및 커뮤니케이션 불확실성이 정보보안 예상 불안을 통해 정보보안 제언 행동을 감소시켰으며, 개인의 정보 영향 민감성이 정보보안 기술, 커뮤니케이션, 그리고 예상 불안에 의해 변화되는 제언행동을 조절하였다. 연구의 결과는 실무적으로 불확실한 정보보안 환경의 보완 필요성과 개선 방향을 제시한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1995

연구배경: 폐결핵은 처음 발병하였을 때 표준처방에 의하여 적절히 치료하면 대부분 완치할 수 있는 질환이나 실제로 상당수의 환자들이 부적절한 치료를 함으로써 악화되고 장기적인 치료를 받는 경우가 있다. 또한 약제 내성이 발생할 경우 초치료 약제보다 항균력이 약한 약제들로 치료하게 됨으로써 치료기간이 길어짐은 물론 정상적인 생활을 하지 못할 정도로 심한 장애를 초래하거나 사망하는 경우까지도 있다. 방법: 저자등은 초치료에 실패하거나 재발한 폐결핵 환자들의 특성과 문제점을 알아보고자 1986년 3월부터 90년 2월까지 입원하여 치료한 폐결핵환자 484명 가운데 94명의 재치료 환자들의 기록을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 1) 총 재치료환자 94명중 남자 62명, 여자 32명이며 평균연령은 남자 $51.43{\pm}15.56$, 여자 $45.00{\pm}18.40$세 이었다. 2) 흉부엑스선상 경증이 10명(11.1%), 중등도가 31명(33.3%), 중증이 52명(55.6%)이었다. 3) 객담내 균양성환자가 73명 이었다. 4) 약제감수성검사를 시행한 42명중 1제 내성자가 9명(20.5%), 2제 내성자가 18명(40.8%), 3제이상 내성자가 14명(31.8%)이었다. 5) 표준처방에 의한 초치료를 완료하지 못하였던 경우가 41명(43.6%)이었으며 재치료시 완치한 환자는 24명(25.5%)에 불과한 반면 도중에 환자가 치료를 포기한 경우가 39명(41.6%)나 되었다. 결론: 재치료시 중요한 치료실패 원인은 환자의 중도탈락 이었으며, 따라서 초치료 및 재치료시 철저한 환자관리가 이루어져야 할것으로 생각된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.288-302
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• 2017

퇴적물이 수층의 영양염 분포에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서 퇴적물의 용출률을 정확하게 측정할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서 퇴적물 용출률 측정 방법 중 퇴적물 코어 배양법을 대상으로 용출률의 측정 조건과 실험 절차를 제시하였다. 낙동강 수계 중류에서 2015년 7월에 표층이 교란되지 않은 퇴적물 코어 시료를 채취하여, pre-incubation 시간(6, 12, 24시간), 초기 산소농도(포화도 90, 70 50%), 확산경계층의 두께(0, 0.6-0.8, 1.2-1.4 mm), 배양 온도(10, 17, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) 등을 여러 가지 조건으로 조성하여 측정한 영양염 용출률의 결과를 그 바탕으로 하였다. 네 가지 주요 환경 조건이 달라지면, 안정화 시간 동안 유기물 분해 및 산화 과정에 의한 화학 조성 변화, 퇴적층의 산화-환원 환경 변화에 따른 흡착 및 탈착, 퇴적물-수층 경계면에서의 수리역학적 상황 변동에 의한 물질 교환 증감, 퇴적물 내 미생물의 활성 증가 등을 야기하여 퇴적물의 영양염용출률에 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 퇴적물 코어 배양법으로 실제 현장값과 유사한 결과를 생산하기 위해서는 현장 심수층의 수온 및 용존산소 농도, 유속을 자연 상태와 가깝게 재현하고 퇴적물 시료 채집 후 되도록 빠른 시간 안에 배양 실험을 수행해야 한다. 두 개의 반복구에 대하여 퇴적물 코어 배양법으로 영양염 용출률을 측정하였을 때 대부분의 실험 조건에서 상대백분율차가 20% 이하였다. 측정 조건과 절차를 엄밀히 준수하여 실험하였을 때 정밀도를 확보할 수 있는 것으로 사료되며, 향후 측정 결과의 정확도를 확인하기 위하여 현장 측정법과 비교할 예정이다.

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2009

목적: 아킬레스 동종건을 이용한 관절경적 후방십자인대 재건술을 시행한 환자군에 대해 임상적 결과를 평가하고 보행분석을 시행하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2004년 3월에서 2005년 3월 까지 후방십자인대 손상에 대해 신선 동결 아킬레스 동종건을 이용한 관절경적 재건술을 시행 받은 환자들 중, 저자들이 지시한 재활 프로그램에 순응한 12명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자에서 수술후 추시 36개월에 임상적 결과 평가와 보행분석을 시행하였다. 임상적 결과는 관절 운동 범위, Lysholm knee score, Tegner Activity Score, IKDC score, 후방 전위 검사, Telos stress arthrometer를 이용한 후방 전위를 측정하여 평가하였고 보행검사는 3차원적 보행분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 모든 임상적 결과 평가 항목에 있어서 술 전과 비교하여 후방십자인대 재건술 후 통계학적으로 유의한 만족할 만한 결과를 보였다. 보행분석 결과 환측과 건측 슬관절에 굴곡각 및 내반각의 약간의 차이를 보였지만 통계적으로 유의성을 보이지 않았으며, 전반적으로 양쪽 슬관절의 유의한 보행의 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 후방십자인대 손상 슬관절에서 관절경적 재건술을 시행한 환자 중 재활프로그램에 순응한 환자를 대상으로 평가한 결과 술 전과 비교하여 의미있게 증가된 임상적 결과와 건측과 비교하여 차이를 보이지 않는 보행분석 결과를 얻은바 후방십자인대 재건시 체계적이고 엄격한 재활치료가 중요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2012

Objectives : This article reviews a solution preventing the illegal distribution of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine and risks on public health by conducting safety management of food and medicine. Also, this article would like to contribute to improvement of public health treating diseases in compliance with accurate diagnosis and prescription of Oriental Medicine Doctor("OMD")'s. Methods : An approach in this research can be categorized into two : first, to examine the current administrative situation and problems of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine based on policy documents of Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Food and Drug Adminstration("KFDA") and academic articles of the herbal medicine;second, to find reasonable administrative solutions to solve the problems. Solutions : A solution is to strengthen the management level of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine by selecting 117 items as target items requiring concentrated management. In case herbal medicine is imported for food, KFDA strengthens the quality management level of herbal medicine by making use of inspection frequency at random, collecting and verifying herbal medicine on the market. However, KFDA decides to maintain current different quality specification system of food and medicine reflecting a civil complaint that quality specification of food and medicine should separately managed according to the purpose of use. Herbal medicine as medicine that is functioned as treating diseases and alleviating symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food, can cure all kinds of diseases by recovering inner balance of human body, making use of other properties of herbal medicine. Medicine has its own properties. If a doctor uses properties of medicine appropriately, he cures diseases. If a doctor uses herbal medicine inappropriately. he may damage human body. Thus, whether side effects of medicine depend on a doctor who uses herbal medicine. Conclusions : All herbal medicine will be supplied into the market after strict safety control of manufacturers of herbal medicine according to the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, beginning in April, 2012. Thus, people can take safer and more reliable herbal medicine through strengthening safety management of herbal medicine and improving quality and transparency in the distribution system. Herbal medicine should appropriately be prescribed by licensed OMD because herbal medicine is used to treat diseases and alleviate symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the relations between class distracting factors and class satisfaction of the dental technology students and then provide a primary data to help further related studies and develop educational programs with which instructors can efficiently manage their classroom. Methods: For this study we have conducted a survey started from the beginning of May 2017 to the end of June. The subjects of the survey were Dental Technology students of D-city, K-city, W-city, selected by random sampling method. The questionnaire was self-administrated and 437 valid results were chosen for our analysis among 450 distributed questionnaires. Results: The results of the research was as follows. Firstly, The overall average point of class distracting factors was 2.5 point. The environmental factors were the highest point as 2.59 and as for the subcategories tiredness and drowsiness was the highest point as 2.76. Secondly, The overall average point of class satisfaction turned out 3,88 point and compliance with class and attitude factors gained the highest point as 4.06. Of the subcategories strict roll checking was the highest point as 4.17. Thirdly, As for class distracting factors from general characteristics a statistical significance was shown as follows; 'instructor factor'(p<.01), 'learner factor'(p<.05), 'total class distracting factor'(p<.05) in the area of gender, 'environmental factor'(p<.001), 'total class distracting factor'(p<.01), 'learner factor'(p<.05), 'instructor factor'(p<.05) in the area of gender 'learner factor'(p<.001), 'instructor factor'(p<.001), 'environmental factor'(p<.001), 'total class distracting factor'(p<.01) in the area of class grade, 'environmental factor'(p<.05) in GPA. Fourthly, A statistical significance, a negative correlation (p<.01) were shown between class distracting factors and class satisfaction. Class distracting factor that especially affects the class satisfaction was instructor factor(p<.001) and the explanatory power of the model turned out 14.7%, which was statistically meaningful (p<.001). Conclusion : Results of this study reveal that instructor factor is the key to class satisfaction of the students. So it is crucial that the instructor faithfully prepare for the class to reinforce the students' learning. Additionally further studies should be followed with more subjects and newer perspectives to develop innovative teaching methodology.