• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.100-105
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• 1994

In this paper, we discuss a method for design of an ambulance stretcher which call decrease blood pressure fluctuation caused by ambulance acceleration. Recently, a lot of stretchers which can isolate the vertical vibration to reduce body resonances (4-10 Hz) have been used during ambulance transport. However, we have found that blood pressure of a patient laying in the stretcher fluctuates when the ambulance accelerates or decelerates. Since the enforced change of the blood pressure may deteriorate the patent's condition, a stretcher to cancel head-to-foot acceleration and to decrease the blood pressure variation (BPV) is expected for safe transport. We propose a method to design a stretcher which is tilted according to an adequate angle to cancel head-to-foot acceleration by gravity when the ambulance accelerates or decelerates. A control method of the stretcher is constructed by means of simulation analysis using acceleration data measured during ambulance transport. It is confirmed that the active controlled stretcher proposed has good performance for the BPV reduction.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.486-492
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• 2001

We propose a novel optical channel-selective filter whose center wavelength and bandwidth can be fully controlled. The Proposed filter consists of three identical chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBG’s) with fiber stretchers which is to control the reflection spectra of the CFBG’s. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed tunable filter can select arbitrary channels from a WDM signal.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.401-405
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• 2001

We propose a novel channel-switching transmission filter using segmented chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBG's) each of which has separate transmission bands in the reflection spectrum of the CFBG. The segmented CFBG's are made by using specially designed slits. The separated reflection spectral bands of the segmented CFBG's are controlled by the attached fiber stretchers, and the controlled reflection bands are used to choose the channels independently. Tunability of the transmission spectra is experimentally demonstrated in WDM transmission experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.318-325
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• 2011

Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Miller) retaining walls using Steel bar, of which the constructability and strength performance are good at the construction site, were manufactured and their strength properties were evaluated. The wooden retaining wall using Steel bar was piled into four stories stretcher and three stories header, which is 770 mm high, 2,890 mm length and 782 mm width. Retaining wall was made by inserting stretchers into Steel bar after making 18 mm diameter of holes at top and bottom stretcher, and then stacking other stretchers and headers which have a slit of 66 mm depth and 18 mm width. The strength properties of retaining walls were investigated by horizontal loading test, and the deformation of structure by image processing (AlCON 3D OPA-PRO system). Joint (Type-A) made with a single long stretcher and two headers, and joint (Type-B) made with two short stretchers connected with half lap joint and two headers were in the retaining wall using Steel bar. The compressive shear strength of joint was tested. Three replicates were used in each test. In horizontal loading test the strength was 1.6 times stronger in wooden retaining wall using Steel bar than in wooden retaining wall using square timber. The timber and joints were not fractured in the test. When testing compressive shear strength, the maximum load of type-A and Type-B was 130.13 kN and 130.6 kN, respectively. Constructability and strength were better in the wooden retaining wall using Steel bar than in wooden retaining wall using square timber.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 2011

The strength properties of wooden retaining wall which was made with pitch pine were evaluated. Wooden retaining wall was made with diameter 90 mm of pitch pine round posts treated with CUAZ-2 (Copper Azole). The length of the front stretcher of the retaining wall was 3,000 mm. The distance between the headers (the notched member) is 1,000 mm in center and is 900 mm in side. There were connections every 2,000 mm because actually the length of stretcher is limited in the retaining wall. The strength test was carried out according to connection type because the section between stretchers can act as a defect. A result of the strength test according to connection type confirms that connection does not act as defect because the strength of retaining wall in single stretcher is similar to that in the section between stretchers. The strength test of the wooden retaining wall was carried out in 5 types according to the condition of the base section. When the upper soil pressure was 9.8 kN/$m^2$, the maximum load of the retaining wall fixing the front foundation shows higher values than those of others. But the total deformation is lower in the retaining wall not to fix a base section than in that to fix a base section. It is thought that the retaining wall not to fix a base section shows low value because the deformation is distributed throughout the retaining wall and it is confirmed that the soil pressure affects supporting the structure because the deformation of the retaining wall under low pressure is 3~4 fold higher than those of others. The failure mode of the retaining wall is the overturning type because the high section is deformed. Mostly, the failure mode is the separation of the header in the notched section.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2002

Crib wall system is one of segmental crib type wall. Crib walls are constructed from separate members with no bonds between them other than frictional. The wall units are divide into two main types termed headers and stretchers. The headers run from the front to the back of the wall, perpendicular to the wall face. The cells are created by forming a grid by stacking individual wall components known as headers and stretchers. The body of wall consists of a system of open cell which are filled with a granular material. The design of crib retaining wall is usually based on conventional design methods derived from Rankine and Coulomb theory so that is able to resist the thrust of soil behind it, because it may be assumed that the wall acts as a rigid body. However, deformation characteristics of crib walls cannot be assumed as monolithic. They consist of individual members which have been stacked to creat a three dimensional grid. Therefore, the segmental grid allows relative movement between the individual member within the wall. The three dimensional flexible grid leads to stress distribution by interaction behavior between soil and crib wall. Therefore, in this study, in order to analysis the trends of deflection of crib wall system, new numerical models based on the results of Brandl's full scale test are introduced for design concept.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of chest compression and the resulting ventilation volume in walking cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), straddling CPR, and mechanical CPR while moving manikins to main stretchers. Methods: We compared the chest compressions in terms of compression depth, number of incomplete releases, complete release depth, compression rate, duration between peak time of previous compression and peak time of current compression, and respiration. We analyzed the compression comparatively with the ventilation volume in three different types of CPR. Results: The chest compression depth was significantly improved during straddling CPR as compared to walking CPR, during which women were unable to achieve sufficient chest compression depth. A constant chest compression depth was maintained during mechanical CPR. Conclusion: High-quality chest compressions were difficult to achieve in moving spaces. Further, walking CPR may be helpful in men, but straddling or applying automatic chest compressions in women would result in more effective CPR. Our findings demonstrate the limitations and trends in administering CPR in men and women, which may be useful in devising better education and training methods in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of high quality CPR using the 4 types of rescue device equipment and chest compressions energy measurement in pre-hospital settings. So, we used the mode to insert load cell in ALS Skill master Manikin to develop CFMM(Compression Force Measurement Manikin) on main stretcher, CPR board, long spine board, scoop stretcher and floor. And, our research team could know that the main stretcher needed average force of 32.55 (${\pm}1.01$) kg, CPR board of 27.23 (${\pm}1.08$) kg, long spine board of 27.13 (${\pm}1.18$) kg, Scoop Stretcher of 27.38 (${\pm}1.05$) kg and Floor of 27.24 (${\pm}0.93$) kg. CPR board must be necessary in the case of CPR on main stretcher in a moving ambulance. But if the condition of patient's back surface is the removable stretcher and the long spine plate, the patient doesn't have to be spent time to use a CPR board. Furthermore, this research suggests to consider that how to take advantage of the education to students for the equipment to check in real time the energy(kg) requirement of chest compressions.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to survey a perception of frequency & importance level of job performance, from 249 paramedics who were working at fire station. The job related activities of 4 duties, 18 tasks and 145 task elements were checked by 4 rating scale. The data were analyzed using a SPSS program for descriptive statistics. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. Some of the most frequent tasks were medical tx, managing people & organization, trauma care, pt assessment, general coping skill 2. Some of the most frequent task elements were preparation of written reports, operation of pt lifting supplies, transportation of patients on stretchers, administration of cervical collar and utilization of scoop stretcher. 3. Some of the highest level of importance in task were resuscitation of circulation, surgical tx, safety & infection control, environmental emergency care, trauma care. 4. Some of the highest level of importance in task elements were administration of cervical collar, adult CPR, infant CPR, child CPR, and AED. 5. The highest level of task elements in perception of frequency & importance were administration of cervical collar, infection control after pt care, utilization of long back board, disinfection of ambulance after ride a long, care of chest pain pt, care of unconscious pt, tx of asthma. 6. A difference between frequent & importance score were due to lack of supplies(41%), structural problems(30%) and medical control system(16%), lack of skills(10%), Suggestion; 1. This paper would be more reliable and confirm through wilder range of survey. 2. It would be necessary of more depth survey through dacom study from paramedic. 3. Development of field oriented protocol & curriculum that based on task elements which have high score of both frequency & importance level is required.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.116-122
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• 2018

In Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) disaster, integrated and optimized equipment package including stretcher, isolation unit, patient monitoring and treatment equipment is essential to achieve proper treatment and prevent secondary contamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and ease of use of integrated CBRN disaster equipment package for disaster medical response. This study was a randomized crossover study using a manikin simulation for emergency medical technitian (EMT). All participants used the existing devices and prototype of integrated CBRN disaster equipment package alternately. Efficiency was measured by time from vital sign change to detection or treatment application. Ease was use was measured by questionnaires for each patient monitor, stretcher care and isolation unit. 12 EMTs were enrolled. hypoxia-detection time of integrated equipment group was significantly shorter than existing equipment group (4.9 s (3.8-3.9) vs 3.5 s (2.5-3.9), p < 0.05). There was decreasing tendency of ECG change detection and facial mask oxygen supply but no statistical significance was observed. Overall satisfaction of patient monitoring device in integrated equipment group was significantly higher than existing devices (4(3.5-5) vs 3(3-3), p < 0.05). The use of integrated CBRN disaster equipment package shortened the hypoxia detection time and improved usability of vital sign monitor compared to existing devices.