• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.759-768
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• 2004

The torsion of a penny-shaped crack in a transversely isotropic strip is investigated in this paper. The shear moduli are functionally graded in such a way that the mathematics is tractable. Hankel transform is used to reduce the problem to solving a Fredholm integral equation. The crack tip stress field is obtained by taking the asymptotic behavior of Bessel function into account. The effects of material property parameters and geometry criterion on the stress intensity factor are investigated. Numerical results show that increasing the shear moduli's gradient and/or increasing the shear modulus in a direction perpendicular to the crack surface can suppress crack initiation and growth, and that the stress intensity factor varies little with the increasing of the strip's height.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2007

Some mixed mode fracture criterion may be converted in to elliptical or ellipsoidal formula with the aid of mathematical translation. Hence, the crack initiation in mixed mode fracture I+II emanating from notches, has been studied using notched circular ring specimens. On the basis of Irwin (1957) theory, a new criteria in mixed mode fracture I+II, based fracture elliptic criterion and notch stress intensity factors has been developed.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.908-913
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• 2000

In the process of integrity evaluation for nuclear power plant components, a series of fracture mechanics evaluation on surface cracks in reactor pressure vessel(RPV) must be conducted. These fracture mechanics evaluations are based on stress intensity factor, K. However, under pressurized thermal shock(PTS) conditions, the combination of thermal and mechanical stress by steep temperature gradient and internal pressure causes considerably high tensile stress at the inside of RPV wall. Besides, the internal pressure during the normal operation produces high tensile stress at the RPV wall. As a result cracks on inner surface of RPVs may experience elastic-plastic behavior which can be explained with J-integral. In such a case, however, J-integral may possibly lose its validity due to constraint effect. In this paper, in order to verify the suitability of J-integral, two dimensional finite element analyses were applied for various surface crack. Total of 18 crack geometries were analyzed, and Q stresses were obtained by comparing resulting HRR stress distribution with corresponding actual stress distributions. In conclusion, HRR stress fields were found to overestimate the actual crack-tin stress field due to constraint effect.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2020

This present study was conducted to investigate protective effect of discontinuous Percoll gradient containing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) before freezing process on viability, acrosome damage, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. The separation of spermatozoa by discontinuous Percoll gradient was performed by different concentration of Percoll solution (45/90%) containing ALA combined with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and collected sperm in each Percoll layer was cryopreserved. To evaluate viability, acrosome damage, mitochondrial activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of frozen-thawed sperm, flow cytometry was used. Morphological abnormalities were observed under light microscope. In results, viability of sperm from 90% Percoll layer was higher than control and 45% Percoll group (p < 0.05). Separated sperm in 90% Percoll layer had lower acrosome damage and morphological abnormalities than control as well as viability, whereas 45% Percoll group was higher (p < 0.05). Similar with acrosome damage and abnormalities, mitochondrial activity was slightly enhanced and the population of live sperm with high ROS level was decreased by 90% Percoll separation, however, there was no significant difference. Supplementation of 3 ng/mL ALA into Percoll solution increased sperm viability and decreased population of live sperm with high ROS compared to control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, discontinuous Percoll gradient before freezing process could improve efficiency of cryopreservation of boar sperm through selection of sperm with high freezing resistance, and supplement of ALA during Percoll gradient might contribute suppression of ROS generation via stabilizing of plasma membrane during cryopreservation.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2000

벽면운동과 임피던스 페이즈앵글(압력파와 유량파 사이의 시간차)이 벽면전단응력의 크기와 분포에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 맥동유동하에 있는 직선 탄성혈관에서 전산유체해석을 수행하였다. 탄성을 갖는 직선혈관의 경우에는 벽면운동과 임피던스 페이즈앵글을 고려한 섭동해가 존재하는데, 이를 본 연구의 수치해와 비교함으로 수치해의 타당성을 입증하였다. 해석결과, 혈관의 벽면운동으로 인해 축방향 속도분포와 압력구배의 값에 어떤 추가분이 발생하는 것을 관찰하였다. 이러한 추가분에 의해 벽면전단응력(wall shear stress) 및 압력구배(pressure gradient)의 진폭(amplitude: time-varying component)은 감소하고 평균값(mean: time-averaged component)에도 변화를 보였는데 그 변화의 경향은 임피던스 페이즈앵글에 따라 매우 다른 모습을 보였다. 즉, 임피던스 페이즈앵글이 음의 값을 갖게 될 수록 벽면전단응력의 평균은 감소하고 진폭은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. $\pm$4%의 벽면운동이 있는 경우 대동맥에서 임피던스 페이즈앵글의 변화 가능범위인 0$^{\circ}$에서 -90$^{\circ}$로 페이즈 앵글을 감소시켰을 때 벽면전단응력의 평균값은 10.5% 감소하고 진폭은 17.5% 증가하였다. 그러므로 고혈압환자와 같이 음의 큰 페이즈앵글을 갖는 경우 벽면 전단응력의 시간에 따른 변화량(진폭/평균)이 상대적으로 커지므로 low and oscillatory shear stress 이론에 의하면 동맥경화에 더 민감하게 된다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2001

비활성 그리고 황성 단층지역의 내부와 주변에서 발생하는 응력장의 변화에 대한 수치적 분석이 수행되었다. 존재하는 비활성 단층지역 근처에서의 응력장은 단층의 방향과 단층화된 암반과 주위의 비단층화된 암반의 탄성적 특성 사이의 대조에 따라 변화한다. 활성 단층지역 주위의 응력장에 대한 분석에서, 만약 단층지역의 항복응력이 초과된다면, 단층지역 내에서의 국부화된 전단응력은 주위의 비단층화된 암반에서의 평균응력 보다 작게 되는 단층 내에서의 평균응력의 감소를 유발시킨다. 따라서 이러한 응력경사는 단층지역내로 유체의 흐름을 기대할 수 있다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.567-568
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• 2007

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the delayed hydride cracking (DHC) of Zr-2.5Nb alloy. The DHC model has some defects: first, it cannot explain why the DHC velocity (DHCV) becomes constant regardless of an applied stress intensity factor, even though the stress gradient is affected by the applied stress intensity factor at the notch tip. Second, it cannot explain why the DHCV has a strong dependence on the method of approaching the test temperature by a cool-down or a heating-up, even under the same stress gradient, and third, it cannot predict any hydride size effect on the DHC velocity. The DHC tests were conducted on Zr-2.5Nb compact tension specimens with the test temperatures reached by a heating-up method and a cool-down method. Crack velocities were measured in hydrided specimens, which were cooled from solution-treatment temperatures at different rates by being furnace-cooled, water-quenched, and liquid nitrogen-quenched. The resulting hydride size, morphology, and distributions were examined by optical metallography. It was found that fast cooling rates, which produce very finely dispersed hydrides, result in higher crack growth rates. This different DHC behavior of the Zr-2.5Nb tube with the cooling rate after a homogenization treatment is due to the precipitation of the $\gamma$-hydrides only in the water-quenched Zr-2.5Nb tube. This experiment will provide supporting evidence that the terminal solid solubility of a dissolution (TSSD) of $\gamma$-hydrides is higher than that of $\delta$-hydrides.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.162-177
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• 2020

Background: Ecologists have achieved much progress in the study of mechanisms that maintain species coexistence and diversity. In this paper, we reviewed a wide range of past research related to these topics, focusing on five theoretical bodies: (1) coexistence by niche differentiation, (2) coexistence without niche differentiation, (3) coexistence along environmental stress gradients, (4) coexistence under non-equilibrium versus equilibrium conditions, and (5) modern perspectives. Results: From the review, we identified that there are few models that can be generally and confidently applicable to different ecological systems. This problem arises mainly because most theories have not been substantiated by enough empirical research based on field data to test various coexistence hypotheses at different spatial scales. We also found that little is still known about the mechanisms of species coexistence under harsh environmental conditions. This is because most previous models treat disturbance as a key factor shaping community structure, but they do not explicitly deal with stressful systems with non-lethal conditions. We evaluated the mainstream ideas of niche differentiation and stochasticity for the coexistence of plant species across salt marsh creeks in southwestern Denmark. The results showed that diversity indices, such as Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness, and evenness, decreased with increasing surface elevation and increased with increasing niche overlap and niche breadth. The two niche parameters linearly decreased with increasing elevation. These findings imply a substantial influence of an equalizing mechanism that reduces differences in relative fitness among species in the highly stressful environments of the marsh. We propose that species evenness increases under very harsh conditions if the associated stress is not lethal. Finally, we present a conceptual model of patterns related to the level of environmental stress and niche characteristics along a microhabitat gradient (i.e., surface elevation). Conclusions: The ecology of stressful systems with non-lethal conditions will be increasingly important as ongoing global-scale climate change extends the period of chronic stresses that are not necessarily fatal to inhabiting plants. We recommend that more ecologists continue this line of research.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.193-203
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• 2014

터빈의 운전온도와 세라믹 입자크기를 고려한 경사기능재료(FGM)로 만들어진 회전하는 가스터빈 블레이드의 열전달해석 및 응력해석을 수행하였다. 경사기능성 블레이드는 벽 두께에 따라서 연속적인 재료물성 변화를 나타낸다. 이러한 경사기능재료의 특성과 온도에 따른 열전 재료물성 변화를 고려하여 블레이드의 시스템 강성을 얻기 위해 블레이드의 열전달해석을 먼저 수행하였다. 이 열전달해석으로 얻은 시스템 강성으로부터 복합 변형 변수를 사용한 회전하는 가스터빈 블레이드의 운동방정식을 유도하였다. 유도된 운동방정식은 상용 유한요소 모델과 해석결과 비교를 통해 그 정확성을 입증하였으며 회전주파수와 구배 지수에 따른 최대 응력의 변화를 조사하였다. 또한, 열전달해석을 통해 가장 낮은 블레이드 온도를 나타내는 구배 지수를 조사하였다.