• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.83-138
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• 2017

Korea-China FTA entered into force on the 20th of December 2015, and one year elapsed after its effectuation as the FTA with China, our country's largest trading partner. Therefore, this study looks at the trends of air transport trade between Korea and China, and examines the contents of concessions to the air transport services sector in Korea-China FTA, and analyzes the impact on the air transport sector by Korea-China FTA, and proposes our country's aviation policy direction in order to respond to such impact. In 2016 the trends of air transport trade between Korea and China are as follows : The export amount of air transport trade to China was 40.03 billion dollars, down by 9.3% from the last year, and occupied 32.2% of the total export amount to China. The import amount of air transport trade from China was 24.26 billion dollars, down by 9.1% from the last year, and occupied 27.7% of the total import amount from China. The contents of concessions to the air transport services sector in Korea-China FTA are as follows : China made concessions to the aircraft repair and maintenance services and the computer reservation system services with limitations on market access and national treatment in the air transport services sector of the China Schedule of Specific Commitments of Korea-China FTA Chapter 8 Annex. Korea made concessions to the computer reservation system services, selling and marketing of air transport services, and aircraft repair and maintenance without limitations on market access and national treatment in the air transport services sector of the Korea Schedule of Specific Commitments of Korea-China FTA Chapter 8 Annex. The impact on the air transport sector by Korea-China FTA are as follows : As for the impact on the air passenger market, in 2016 the arrival passengers of the international flight from China were 9.96 million, up by 20.6% from the last year, and the departure passengers to China were 9.90 million, up by 34.8% from the last year. As for the impact on the air cargo market, in 2016 the exported goods volumes of air cargo to China were 105,220.2 tons, up by 6.6% from the last year, and imported goods volumes from China were 133,750.9 tons, up by 12.3% from the last year. Among the major items of exported air cargo to China, the exported goods volumes of benefited items in the Tariff Schedule of China of Korea-China FTA were increased, and among the major items of imported air cargo from China, the imported goods volumes of benefited items in the Tariff Schedule of Korea of Korea-China FTA were increased. As for the impact on the logistics market, in 2016 the handling performance of exported air cargo to China by domestic forwarders were 119,618 tons, down by 2.1% from the last year, and the handling performance of imported air cargo from China were 79,430 tons, down by 4.4% from the last year. In 2016 the e-commerce export amount to China were 109.16 million dollars, up by 27.7% from the last year, and the e-commerce import amount from China were 89.43 million dollars, up by 72% from the last year. The author proposes the aviation policy direction of Korea according to Korea-China FTA as follows : First, the open skies between Korea and China shall be pushed ahead. In June 2006 Korea and China concluded the open skies agreement within the scope of the third freedom and fourth freedom of the air for passenger and cargo in Sandong Province and Hainan Province of China, and agreed the full open skies of flights between the two countries from the summer season in 2010. However, China protested against the interpretation of the draft of the memorandum of understanding to the air services agreement, therefore the further open skies did not take place. Through the separate aviation talks with China from Korea-China FTA, the gradual and selective open skies of air passenger market and air cargo market shall be pushed ahead. Second, the competitiveness of air transport industry and airport shall be secured. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's air transport industry, the support system for the strengthening of national air carriers' competitiveness shall be prepared, and the new basis for competition of national air carriers shall be made, and the strategic network based on national interest shall be built. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's airports, particularly Incheon Airport, the competitiveness of the network for aviation demand creation shall be strengthened, and the airport facilities and safety infrastructure shall be expanded, and the new added value through the airport shall be created, and the world's No.1 level of services shall be maintained. Third, the competitiveness of aviation logistics enterprises shall be strengthened. As for the strengthening methods of the competitiveness of Korea's aviation logistics enterprises, as the upbringing strategy of higher added value in response to the industry trends changes, the new logistics market shall be developed, and the logistics infrastructure shall be expanded, and the logistics professionals shall be trained. Additionally, as the expanding strategy of global logistics market, the support system for overseas investment of logistics enterprises shall be built, and according to expanding the global transport network, the international cooperation shall be strengthened, and the network infrastructure shall be secured. As for the strengthening methods of aviation logistics competitiveness of Incheon Airport, the enterprises' demand of moving in the logistics complex shall be responded, and the comparative advantage in the field of new growth cargo shall be preoccupied, and the logistics hub's capability shall be strengthened, and the competitiveness of cargo processing speed in the airport shall be advanced. Forth, in the subsequent negotiation of Korea-China FTA, the further opening of air transport services sector shall be secured. In the subsequent negotiation being initiated within two years after entry into force of Korea-China FTA, it is necessary to ask for the further opening of the concessions of computer reservation system services, and aircraft repair and maintenance services in which the concessions level of air transport services sector by China is insufficient compared to the concessions level in the existing FTA concluded by China. In conclusion, in order to respond to the impact on Korea's air passenger market, air cargo market and aviation logistics market by Korea-China FTA, the following policy tasks shall be pushed ahead : Taking into consideration of national air carriers' competitiveness and nation's benefits, the gradual and selective open skies shall be pushed ahead, and the support system to strengthen the competitiveness of air transport industry and airport shall be built, and entry into aviation logistics market by logistics enterprises shall be expanded, and the preparations to ask for the further opening of air transport services sector, low in the concessions level by China shall be made.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2002

With deterioration of the nation's infrastructure comes the growing, need for effective means of rehabilitating structures. Possibly one for the most challenging tasks is to upgrade the overall capacity of concrete structure. Therefore, considerable efforts are still being made to develop new construction materials. Rehabilitation of damaged RC structures occasionally requires the removal and replacement of concrete in the tension zone of the structural members. Typical situation where the tension zone repair is necessary is when the concrete in the tension zone in beams or slabs has spalled off as a result of corrosion in the bottom reinforcing bars or due to extensive fire. The rehabilitation of such conditions normally involves the removal of the concrete beyond the reinforcement bars, cleaning or replacing the tensile bars and reinstatement of concrete to cover the steel bars the original shape and size. This study focused on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by steel strand and carbon fiber sheet in the tension zone. The properties of beams are 15$\times$25 cm rectangular and over a 200cm span. Test parameters in this experimental study were strengthening methods, jacking volume, the number of sheet. We investigated the flexural behavior of simply supported RC beams which are strengthened with the carbon fiber sheet, monotonic loads. Attention is concentrated upon overall bending capacity, deflection, ductility index, failure mode and crack development of repaired and rehabilitated beams.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.769-777
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• 2003

The strengthening of concrete structures in situ with externally bonded carbon fiber is increasingly being used for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Because carbon fiber is attractive for this application due to its good tensile strength, resistances to corrosion, and low weight. Generally bond strength and behavior between concrete and carbon fiber mesh(CFM) is very important, because of enhancing bond of CFM. Therefore if bond strength is sufficient, it will be expect to enhance reinforcement effect. Unless sufficient, expect not to enhance reinforcement effect, because of occuring bond failure between concrete and CFM. In this study, the bond strength and load-displacement response of CFM to the concrete by the direct pull-out test(the tensile-shear test method) were investigated using the experiment and the finite element method analysis with ABAQUS. The key variables of the experiment are the location of clip, number of clips and thickness of cover mortar. The general results indicate that the clip anchorage technique for increasing bond strength with CFM appear to be effective to maintain the good post-failure behavior.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The various environmental problems that we face on today are basically about environmental quality. Since early 1960s affluent material was produced because of remarkable economic growth by many cooperations. However, for the lack of environmental policy, environmental pollutions has been serious. The central government should transfer the producing and consuming structure to environmental affinity through the regulations for developing Korea as a model of environmental nation which takes an active part in global environmental programme and in which the environment and economy are well harmonized. Moreover, the central government should take the lead in prevention of environmental pollution through the direct policies such as strengthening the discharge limit or setting up environmental basic institutions by securing budget for conserving environment. This thesis emphasize on the public institution among many environmental basic institutions for environmental anti-pollution project. It will find the problems with running those institutions, and will suggest the preview of improvement. Also, it is necessary to investigate of variation trend for inflow and pollutant loading to environmental infrastructure as increased of the diffusion rate as established and maintenance of sewer system. The purpose of this study is to investigate for inflow and pollutant loading to environmental infrastructure, and also to provide the method of efficiently maintenance and management. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Survey of actual condition on operation and management of environmental infrastructure was evaluated the propriety of treatment process and problem of plant management. 2. Analysis of pollutant loading contribution for river system of environmental infrastructure with data analysis of water quality measuring network. 3. To investigate on case study for efficiently maintenance and management of environmental infrastructure. The result on this study was provide the method of efficiently maintenance and management with survey for establish and repair of sewer system and survey of actual condition on operation and management of environmental infrastructure in the water area of discharge to Geum River System. Application as guideline for establish and management of environmental infrastructure, and management of Geum River System. Also, application for preliminary data for fulfill-assess of total effluent regulation of water pollution.