• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 1999

Twenty two different disease on strawberry have been reported in Korea. Their occurrence patterns were depended on the varieties cultivated. Fusarium wilt occurred seriously on var. Hokowase, a variety used for the fields or semi-forcing culture. In recent years, however, anthracnose occurred remarkably as the acreage of forcing culture increases. Consequently, anthracnose reduced the stand rate and yield of the strawberry. Average occurrence rate of anthracnose was 36.9% on major strawberry cropping areas. Nyoho and Akihime, which are popular varieties for the forcing culture, are considered to be susceptible, but Holiwase and Suhong are resistant against this disease. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Glomerella cingulata have been reported as casual agents for this disease in Korea. C. gloeosporoides was recently reported, but C. fragariae, known to be a strong pathogen in foreign countries, has bot been found yet in Korea. These two fungal pathogens showed significant differences in some characteristics such as major infection parts of plant and responses to temperatures as well as benomyl resistance. In addition, C. gloeosporioides is more pathogenic than G. cingulata. Because vinly sheltering is effective for control of anthracnose to protect water disposal of the pathogen during the seedling stages, it is strongly recommend to use this method in conjunction with integrated control programs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.317-322
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• 2013

For the past two decades, the causal agent of anthracnose occurring on strawberry in Korea was considered Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. However, the recent molecular analysis has shown that the genus Colletotrichum has undergone many taxonomic changes with introduction of several new species. As a result, it revealed that C. gloeosporioides indeed consisted of more than 20 distinct species. Therefore, the Korean pathogen isolated from strawberry should be reclassified. The shape and size of the conidia of the pathogen were not distinctly different from those of C. gloeosporioides and C. fructicola, but it differed in shape of the appressoria. A combined sequence analysis of partial actin, glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes, and the internal transcribed spacer regions showed that the strawberry isolates formed a monophyletic group with authentic strains of C. fructicola. On the basis of these results, the anthracnose fungi of the domestic strawberry in Korea were identified as C. fructicola and distinguished from C. gloeosporioides.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.205-219
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• 2023

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is a major disease of strawberry plants worldwide. The anthracnose of strawberries in Korea has occurred in most cultivated strawberry varieties since its first report in 1990. Although many studies and efforts have been made to control the disease, anthracnose continues to affect strawberry yields in Korea. In this review, we introduced various management methods to control anthracnose in strawberries, such as identifying pathogens and environmental factors involved in this disease, understanding the importance of latent infection, and developing diagnostic techniques and control methods. Through this review, we propose that researchers can elucidate a comprehensive and practical approach to control anthracnose by understanding this disease and developing strategies to prevent its spread, ultimately benefiting strawberry farmers.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2002

Seasonal occurrence of strawberry anthracnose in greenhouses caused by Colletotrichum sp. was examined from 1997 through 1999 at three locations, Kyeongju, Goryeong, and Cheongdo in Kyungbuk province, Korea. Also some factors related to the anthracnose infection such as initial infection sites, inoculation methods, and soil nature were studied through in vitro and field experiments. The anthracnose disease begun to occur from 15 days after transplanting in early October, and continued but gradually decreased thereafter for 2 months until December, After transplanting, initial infection mainly occurred through the runner of which the tissue was more susceptible to the anthracnose than those of the leaf and petiole when the fungal mycelial disk was inoculated. Postplanting inoculation by irrigation with spore suspension was much more effective in inducing the anthracnose disease than preplanting soil mix. However without inoculation, no or little anthracnose occurred regardless of commercial, non-cultivated or diseased field soils when healthy seedlings were planted. This suggests that occurrence of strawberry anthracnose in fields may be related to contamination of plant propagules with the anthracnose pathogen.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2014

Anthracnose crown rot (ACR), caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, is a serious disease of strawberry in Korea. The primary inoculums of ACR were symptomless strawberry plants, plant debris, and other host plants. To effectively control anthracnose in symptomless transplanted strawberries, it is necessary to use disease-free plants, detect the disease early, and apply a fungicide. Therefore, in 2010 and 2011, we evaluated the efficacy of pre-plant fungicide dips by using strawberry transplants infected by C. fructicola for the control of anthracnose. Dipping plants in prochloraz-Mn for 10 min before planting was most effective for controlling anthracnose in symptomless strawberry plants and resulted in more than 76% control efficacy. Azoxystrobin showed a control efficacy of over 40%, but plants treated with pyraclostrobin, mancozeb and iminoctadine tris showed high disease severity. The control efficacy of the dip treatment with prochloraz-Mn did not differ with temperature and time. Treatment with prochloraz-Mn for more than an hour caused growth suppression in strawberry plants. Therefore, the development of anthracnose can be effectively reduced by dipping strawberry plants for 10 min in prochloraz-Mn before planting.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.654-660
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• 1998

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Glomerella cingulata are the most important pathogens causing anthracnose which may reduce the stand rate and yield on wide kinds of plants including strawberry. Average occurrence rate of anthracnose is 36.9% on major strawberry cropping areas in Korea. We newly found that C. gloeosporioides which does not forming a sexual stage, infects strawberry and differs in some characteristics concerning virulence, cultural and morphological properties to G. cingulata which has a sexual stage. C. gloeosporioides was mainly isolated from the crown with 35.2% rate, while G. cingulata was largely isolated from petiole, runner with 40.9% rate in infected strawberry plants. These two pathogens showed significant differences in cultural characteristics such as perfect stage formation, temperature response as well as benomyl resistance. It was demonstrated that C. gloeosporioides has significantly stronger pathogenicity than G. cingulata in pathogenicity test carried on strawberry plants to various strawberry cultivars. Akihime, Akaneko and Nyoho forcing cultured strawberry cultivars, considered to be susceptible, while semiforcing cultured cultivars, such as Suhong and Holowase, were shown resistant to both pathogens. In non-wound inoculation, C. gloeosporioides was shown pathogenicity on the apple fruit, but G. cingulata could not infect it.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2022

Anthracnose crown rot (ACR) has been observed in greenhouses during the nursery and harvest seasons in Gangwon Province, Korea. Infected plants showed black leaf spot, dark sunken pink conidial masses on petioles, wilting, and eventually death. Five isolates were obtained from the lesions of strawberry plants and were identified as a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. Multilocus sequence analysis of actin, calmodulin, chitin synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase genes, and internal transcribed spacer rDNA regions showed that the isolates formed a monophyletic group with the type strain of C. siamense. Pathogenicity tests were performed on the isolate, and Koch's postulates were performed to verify the relationship between Colletotrichum sp. and the strawberry plant variety Seolhyang. The isolate was pathogenic to strawberry plants, which exhibited typical ACR symptoms. Based on morphological characteristics, pathogenicity, and DNA sequence analyses, the fungus isolated in Korea was identified as C. siamense. This is first time C. siamense has been confirmed in ever-bearing strawberry varieties in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2002

A total of 55 Colletotrichum isolates from strawberry plants with anthracnose symptoms(crown rot) were inhibited in mycelial growth on potato-dextrose agar(PDA) amended with fungicides in variable degrees depending on the chemicals used, especially showing no growth on PDA with 1 mg/m/tricyclazole. However, in the detached leaf test by treating chemicals before or after inoculation of Colletotrichum sp., tricyclazole was little effective in controlling symptom development; instead azoxystrobin, which had low in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth, inhibited strongly the symptom development. Some chemicals were tested for the control of strawberry crown rot in greenhouse using three methods, sprays soil drenching and plant dipping. No or little control effect were made by chemical spray and soil drenching, but plant dipping in chemical solution, especially azoxystrobin: reduced crown rot development by about 50% in the greenhouse suggesting that the azoxystrobin treatment may be an effective control method of the crown rot of strawberry. No differences in the control efficacy were noted according to the dipping time and chemical concentration of azoxystrobin not less than 10 min and 250 mg/m/, respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2009

This study was conducted to identify the Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose disease of strawberry in Balgladesh and to evaluate in vitro activity of commercial fungicides it. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, all 22 isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. They developed white or glittery colonies with grey to dark grey reverse colony colors and they produced cylindrical conidia. The efficacy of five commercial fungicides, Bavistin DF, Dithane M-45, Sulcox 50 WP, Corzim 50 WP and Rovral 50 WP, were tested against the fungus. Bavistin inhibited radial growth completely and was followed in efficacy by Dithane M-45. In Bavistin DF treated media, the fungus did not produce conidia. The percent inhibition of radial growth of the fungus was increased with the increasing concentrations of fungicide.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2004

The pathogenesity of 25 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from apple, 42 isolates from pepper, 5 isolates from jujube, 8 isolates from persimmon was evaluated to know transmission to strawberry from other infected plants. Followings are the results. Colony morphology and spore size on potato dextrose agar was similar. When each isolate was inoculated on leaf and petiole of strawberry, isolates from persimmon was the most pathogenic. Five isolates, one pathogenic isolate per each host, were evaluated in simulated field condition under natural rainfall for their natural infectivity. All isolates infected strawberry in field condition, so C. gloeosporioides from other hosts are potential inoculum source of strawberry anthracnose.