• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2010

Purpose: We studied the relationship between subjective and objective deviating angle. Methods: Those who were diagnosed with strabismus among the patients who had no systemic diseases that fifty-one subjects (Male; 21, Female; 30) were measured between seven to sixty three years, evaluated to alternate cover test after AR/K (Canon RK-FI, Japan) and retinoscope measured refractive errors. Objective deviating angle was measured using prism bar; and subjective and objective deviating angles were measured and compared using the synoptophore. Results: For the correlation between subjective and objective deviating angles. The differences were $2.6{\pm}2.5{\Delta}$, between subjective deviating angle measured using synoptophore and objective deviating angles measured using synoptophore were $0.7{\pm}1.4{\Delta}$, the average with each other were $1.7{\pm}1.8{\Delta}$, with all the differences highly significant. Conclusions: We thought not only reduced angle of deviating errors and identified the significance in the correlation between subjective and objective deviating angles but also considered to be useful in determining deviating angle of patient with strabismus.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.117-123
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• 1999

The prognosis and result of treatment are influenced by associated cerebral handicaps. 38 cerebral palsied children in rehabilitation center were analized and neuromotor type severity associated defects, and their correlation were studied. The results were follows: 1. neuromotor type distribution was 65.78% of spasticity, 21.05% of athetoid, 2.63% of Ataxia, Tremor, and Rigidity, 5.26% of mixed type. 2. Mean values of I.Q, S.Q and M.Q were 84.3, 63.0 and 26.6 respectively, and percentages of strabismus, speech disturbance, shoulder abnormality, spine abnormality and hip abnormality were 26.3%, 81.5%, 5.2%, 52.6% and 15.9% respectively. 3. Significant differences were noted between each group of mild, moderate, and severe in S. Q, M. Q, and spine abnormality and between moderate and severe group in speech disturbance.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2000

In a complete oculomotor nerve palsy, patients show ptosis(paresis of the levator), abduction(paresis of the medial rectus and compensatory overaction of the lateral rectus) and dilated pupils. In oculomotor nerve palsy, the functions of four of the six extraocular muscles are compromised and its treatment is the most difficult problem in the paralytic strabismus. Currently, if the condition of the oculomotor nerve palsy is not improved within a year, surgical correction can be attempted. We experienced an improved case of the oculomotor nerve palsy in a Benedikt's syndrome patient treated with oriental medicine. We used herbal medicine and acupuncture. Based on this experience, it is considered that oriental medicine can be applied to the treatment of the oculomotor nerve palsy. Oculomotor nerve, Palsy, Ptosis, Abduction, Benedikt's syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 2012

The usages of botulinum toxin were most commonly for the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia in the otolaryngology field. It has been not only widely used in otolaryngology-Head Neck surgery but also plastic surgery, ophthalmology, rehabilitation medicine, and orthopedics. Now botulinum toxin is used such as blepharospasm (excessive blinking), strabismus, cosmetic, muscle spasms, upper motor neuron syndrome, severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis), chronic migraine, bruxism, and achalasia. The indication of this drug still gradually expanding with the times. In this articles, the author will demontrate how to use the botulinum toxin for treating cricopharyngeal spasm, arytenoid dislocation, sialocele, Frey syndrome, contact granuloma, bilateral vocal fold paralysis, and mutaional falsetto instead of conventional surgical treatment.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.889-892
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• 2010

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), a potent neurotoxin that reversibly blocks presynaptic acetylcholine release, has been applied successfully to treat facial spastic conditions such as blepharospasm, strabismus and cervical dystonia. Since the first reported application in dentistry in 1994, BTX-A has been used with great success to used in the orofacial region to help treat masticatory and facial muscle spasm, severe bruxism, facial tics, and hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles. The clinician may be aware of the many courses becoming available and aimed at dentists to start using it in the cosmetic context. This article intends to provide a basic understanding of the many functional uses of the drug in the orofacial region that may be relevant to everyday practice, especially in orthodontic field.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.249-254
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• 1984

This is a case report of Crouzon's disease as a kind of craniofacial dysostosis by premature closure of unilateral coronal suture, showed plagiocephalic skull. 5-year-old boy was visited for the treatment of dental caries and oral examination. Physical examination showed hypertelorism, internal strabismus, and saddle nose. Intraoral radiographs showed congenital missing of upper right and left deciduous and permanent lateral incisors. Cephalometric analysis showed shortening the posterior cranial base length, clockwise growth pattern and class III and open bite tendency. Posterior-anterior and submentovertex view showed multiple radiolucencies-digital impression on inner surface of cranial vault. Maxillo-facial and neuro-surgical treatment was required to improvement of facial esthetics and optic complications. Continuous examination was needed to the growth and development.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2020

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic modular proteins composed of a heavy chain and a light chain connected by a disulfide bond and are produced by Clostridium botulinum. Although lethally toxic, botulinum toxin in low doses is clinically effective in numerous medical conditions, including muscle spasticity, strabismus, hyperactive urinary bladder, excessive sweating, and migraine. Globally, several companies are now producing products containing botulinum toxin for medical and cosmetic purposes, including the reduction of facial wrinkles. To test the efficacy and toxicity of botulinum toxin, animal tests have been solely and widely used, resulting in the inevitable sacrifice of hundreds of animals. Hence, alternative methods are urgently required to replace animals in botulinum toxin testing. Here, the various alternative methods developed to test the toxicity and efficacy of botulinum toxins have been briefly reviewed and future perspectives have been detailed.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.120-123
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• 2004

To test preschool children's medium- long distance stereoscopic vision normal average value, and intermittent strabismus children,s medium-long distance stereoscopic vision acuteness is the goal of this study. The software of random stereoscopic vision and graph, which is developed by Hu-Chong etc has been used, to test 414 cases normal preschool children and 19 cases intermittent exotropia childrens medium-long distance (1-5 m) stereoscopic vision (before operation and after operation). The normal average value of preschool children's medium-long distance stereoscopic vision was achieved. Intermittent exotropia children's stereoscopic vision acuteness was declined with the increase of distance. This method can provide reference as screening abnormal stereoscopic vision during scientific research and clinical work.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.94-97
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• 2019

The patients with myotonic dystrophy (MD) show ocular motor abnormalities including strabismus, vergence deficits, and inaccurate or slow saccades. Two theories have been proposed to explain the oculomotor deficits in MD. The central theory attributes the defects of eye movements of MD to the involvement of the central nervous system while the muscular theory attributes to dystrophic changes of the extraocular muscles. A 58-year-old woman with MD showed selective slowing of horizontal saccades and reduced peak velocities for both horizontal canals in head impulse tests, while smooth-pursuit eye movements and vertical head impulse responses were normal. This case suggests that the extraocular muscles-as a final common pathway of the voluntary saccade and reflexive vestibular eye movements-may better explain the defective rapid eye movements observed in MD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2022

Inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) are a large group of rare disorders affecting normal biochemical pathways. The ophthalmic involvement can be very varied affecting any part of the eye, including abnormalities of cornea, lens dislocation and cataracts, retina and the optic nerve, and extraocular muscles. Eye disorders can be initial symptoms of some IMD and can be clue for diagnosis of IMD. However, eye disorders can evolve later in the natural history of an already diagnosed metabolic disorder. Awareness of IMDs is important to facilitate early diagnosis and in some cases instigate early treatment if a patient presents with eye involvement suggestive of a metabolic disorder. Ophthalmological interventions are also an important component of the multisystem holistic approach to treating patients with metabolic disorders.