• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.235-246
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• 2013

P-wave velocity was measured by the low frequency flaw detector in order to analyze the weathered state of a halo stone Buddha, Unju temple, Hwasun, Korea. By the results of laboratory tests on a fresh acidic tuff with the same rock of a halo stone Buddha, average absorption, average P-wave velocity, and average uniaxial compressive strength were 5.38%, 4,008 m/s, and 70.1 MPa, respectively. The results correspond to moderately strong rock. Average P-wave velocity of a halo stone Buddha measured by the low frequency flaw detector was 2,257 m/s in the left zone, 3,437 m/s in the right zone, and 2,802 m/s overall. Weathering index of a halo stone Buddha was 0.45 in the left zone, 0.21 in the right zone, and 0.33 overall. Comparing the results of a halo stone Buddha with them of laboratory tests, weathered state of a halo stone Buddha was analyzed highly weathered state in the left zone and moderately weathered state in the right zone. Furthermore, it suggests that the left zone of a halo stone Buddha was affected weathering more than the right one. Overall a halo stone Buddha corresponds to moderately weathered state of weathering degrees. In conclusion, it is considered that low frequency flaw detector may be applicable as a valuable method on analyzing the P-wave velocity of the stone cultural heritage with an irregular surface.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.497-508
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• 2017

This study was carried out to document and diagnose the conditions of the seated stone statue of Buddhist Master Seungga in Seunggasa temple immediately after its conservation treatment, which was found to be long covered in surface of white materials. The stone Halo was researched along with the Statue, and basic data was secured through precisely examination and nondestructive diagnosis. The result from the surface deterioration evaluation shows that both the Statue and Halo had a little bit of physical deterioration, although their level of chemical deterioration was proportionally higher due to discoloration. The physical property diagnosis using ultrasonic measurements on the Statue and Halo showed that the average ultrasonic velocity was found to be 3,570 m/s and 3,373 m/s, respectively, which corresponds to grade III, an indication of a favorable physical property. The surface covered materials were detected to be Ca, Ti, Pb, Fe, Al and Si, emanating from Hobun (Oster shell powder; $CaCO_3$) or lime ($CaO{\cdot}Ca(OH)_2$) and silicate minerals. Furthermore, Ti and Pb seems to be the component of the white coloring pigments, titanium white ($TiO_2$) and white lead ($2PbCO_2{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$). Therefore, the seated stone statue of Buddhist Master Seungga is presumed to be painted with Hobun or lime and thereafter painted over with titanium white and white lead.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.242-281
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• 2010

There are a large number of Buddhist cultural relics in Mt. Namsan. The cultural relics carry the spirit of people of Shila who dream of Buddhist Elysium and the establishment of Buddhist nation. In the valley and the top of the mountain and on various rock cliff, stone statues of Buddha and stone pagodas stand in harmony with nature. For that reason, Mt. Namsan is called an open-air museum. And it played an important role in establishing 'The UNESCO World Heritage' status for Gyeongdju in December 2000. But sadly, there are many stone relics that have eroded away and damaged from collapsing in the passage of time. The seated stone statue of Buddha in Samreoung valley of Mt. Namsan is one of them. It was created between the 8th and 9th century, and restored without much care nor extensive historical research in 1923. As a result, The face of the Buddha remained with concrete mortar and its nimbus fallen backward and destroyed. Therefore, restoration and repair as well as creation of a statue environment for the statue were urgent. So we immediately started in restoration and repair. First, through the archaeological excavation around the stone Buddha, we carried the stone Buddha on the original position. In order to restore the statues to its original glory created by the Unified Shila Dynasty, we created a restoration plan in corporation with art historians and historians, then restored the jaw and the damage nimbus. Second, we made the weathering & damage map of the stone Buddha. In order to prevent second damage, we cleaned the surface of contaminants with distilled water. Third, we studied restoration method to prevent artificial damage. We recreated parts of his face and halo. Then each parts of the statue were restored to their original position. In the whole process of restoration, we tried to use traditional techniques.