• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.83-94
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• 1997

Stomatal closing by ozone and water stress could reduce further ozone injury by inhibition of ozone influx to the tissue. Direct effect of ozone on stomata can be explained from two aspects which are a stimulation of stomatal closing and an inhibition of stomatal opening. An increase of $Ca^{2+}$ influx into cytoplasm by ozone could stimulate potassium efflux ion channel and inhibits inward potassium ion channels. By this mechanism ozone could induce stomatal closing. On the other hand, ozone could inhibit stomatal opening by affecting the activity of $H^{+}$ dependent ATPase of the membrane in guard cells. This would inhibit proton efflux which precede stomatal opening. It is also possible that ozone could reduce the activity of photosynthesis in guard cells which lead to affect the production of osmotically active sugars and energy. Indirect effect of ozone to stomata is through the effect of $CO_2$ elevation as a result of damage of the photozynthetic machinery. This indirect effect is slower than the direct effect.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1109-1117
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• 2006

To investigate the influence of the mesophyll cells on stomatal opening in response to white light, the segments of isolated epidermis were transferred on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf and stomatal apertures were measured. Transferring the isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf caused a marked increase on stomatal apertures while stomata in isolated epidermis incubated in MES buffer hardly opened. Mesophyll infiltration with photosynthetic inhibitors (DCMU, DCCD, $NaN_3$) was performed to elucidate the correlation between stomatal apertures and the degree of photosynthetic activity. It was found that transferring the isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf caused an increase of stomatal apertures depending on the degree of photosynthetic activities. In $NaN_3$ infiltrated leaf discs, transferring the fresh isolated epidermis on partly exposed mesophyll cells of a leaf showed no significant effect, but a slight increase on stomatal apertures. Isolated epidermis alone did not respond to the light properly, but if it was closely contacted with mesophyil cells, the stomata regained the ability of the light response. Therefore, it could be suggested that stomatai apertures were related with the degree of photosynthetic activity in the mesophyll cells.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.335-337
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• 2002

Blue light (BL) induces stomatal opening through activation of H$^{+}$ pump, which creates electrical gradient across the plasma membrane for $K^{+}$ uptake into guard cells. The pump is the plasma membrane H$^{+}$ -ATPase and is activated via phosphorylation of the C-terminus with concomitant binding of the 14-3-3 protein. The opening is initiated by the perception of BL through phototropin (phot), which are recently identified as BL receptors in stomatal guard cells. In this study, we provide the biochemical evidence for phots as BL receptors in stomatal guard cells. vfphot was phosphorylated reversibly by BL, and phosphorylation levels of vfphot increased earlier than those of the plasma membrane W-ATPase. BL-dependent phosphorylations of vfphot and H$^{+}$-ATPase showed similar fluence dependency. Staurosporin, an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein kinase, and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of flavoprotein, inhibited BL-dependent phosphorylations of vfphot and H$^{+}$ -ATPase. These results indicate that vfphot acts as a BL-receptor mediating stomatal opening.l opening.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.110-110
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• 2017

Stomata are the main gateways for water and air transport between leaves and the environment. Inward-rectifying potassium channels regulate photo-induced stomatal opening. Rice contains three inward rectifying shaker-like potassium channel proteins, OsKAT1, OsKAT2 and OsKAT3. Among these, only OsKAT2 is specifically expressed in guard cells. Here, we investigated the functions of OsKAT2 in stomatal regulation using three dominant negative mutant proteins, OsKAT2(T235R), OsKAT2(T285A) and OsKAT2(T285D), which are altered in amino acids in the channel pore and at a phosphorylation site. Yeast complementation and patch clamp assays showed that all three mutant proteins lost channel activity. However, among plants overexpressing these mutant proteins, only plants overexpressing OsKAT2(T235R) showed significantly less water loss than the control. Moreover, overexpression of this mutant protein led to delayed photo-induced stomatal opening and increased drought tolerance. Our results indicate that OsKAT2 is an inward-rectifying shaker-like potassium channel that mainly functions in stomatal opening. Interestingly, overexpression of OsKAT2(T235R) did not cause serious defects in growth or yield in rice, suggesting that OsKAT2 is a potential target for engineering plants with improved drought tolerance without yield penalty.

• 환경생물
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2000

$Cd^{2+}$이 닭의장풀의 분리표피와 온전한 잎의 기공개폐에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. $Cd^{2+}$을 분리표피에 처리하였을 때 기공열림이 촉진되었다. 100$\mu$M$Cd^{2+}$처리시 기공은 8.38$\mu\textrm{m}$까지 열렸으나, 대조구는 3.74$\mu\textrm{m}$였다. 대조구의 기공 크기는 일반적으로 작게 열렸다. 따라서, 분리표피가 생리적으로 건강한지를 조사하기 위해, 살리실릭산(SA)과 앱시스산(ABA)을 분리표피에 처리하여 기공크기를 측정하였다. 100$\mu$M SA와 1$\mu$M ABA는 기공열림을 각각 14%와 28% 억제하였다. 비슷한 효과가 다른 중금속인 $Al^{3+}과 Ag^{2+}$에서도 발견되는지 이들에 대한 기공개폐 효과를 살펴보았다. $Al^{3+}과 Ag^{2+}$도 기공열림을 각각 19%, 41%촉진하였다. 카드뮴에 의한 기공열림 기작을 이해하기 위해 K+흡수에 대한 카드뮴의 효과를 조사하였다. $Cd^{2+}$, SA 그리고 ABA는 분리표피에서 K+흡수를 각각 98%, 28%, 34% 억제하였다. $Cd^{2+}$이 온전한 잎에 미치는 기공개폐의 영향을 조사하기 위해 3주간 성장한 닭의장풀을 Hoagland용액(0.5mM $Cd^{2+}$, 10mM $Cd^{2+}$)에서 수경 배양한 후 온전한 잎의 기공전도도를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 기공전도도는 대조구에 비해 5mM $Cd^{2+}$과 10mM Cd$^{2+}$에서 각각 51%, 70%감소되었다. 따라서, $Cd^{2+}$은 닭의장풀의 분리표피와 온전한 잎의 기공개폐에 상반된 반응을 보이며, 분리한 표피에서 $Cd^{2+}$에 의한 기공열림은 $Cd^{2+}이 K^+$ 흡수를 방해하고, 자신이 공변세포로 들어가 팽압을 유도한 결과로 사료된다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.86-89
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• 2002

Blue light activates proton pump, and creates electrical gradient across the plasma membrane and drives $K^{+}$ uptake in stomatal guard cells. In this presentation, we provide evidence for regulatory mechanisms of the pump and the identification of blue light receptor. The pump is shown to be the plasma membrane H$^{+}$- ATPase and is activated through phosphorylation of the C-terminus. Phosphorylation occurred and 14-3-3 protein bound to the phosphorylation site. The binding of 14-3-3 protein was required for the H$^{+}$-ATPase activation. We also found that phot1 phot2 double mutant does not respond to blue light but other mutants respond to blue light by stomatal opening. However, all these mutants are capable of stomatal opening in the presence of fusicoccin, an activator of the H$^{+}$-ATPase. These results suggest that both photl and phot2 act as blue light receptors in guard cells.d cells.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.763-770
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• 2014

The effect of $CO_2$ on the opening of stomata in the intact leaf of Commelina communis has been investigated. Full opening of stomatal apertures(around $18{\mu}m$) was achieved in the intact leaf by addition of $CO_2$($900{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$). At 90 minutes, the stomatal apertures of leaves treated with $CO_2$ free air were reduced. In contrast, stomata opened most widely with the treatment of $CO_2$ air at 90 minutes. The effects of light, $CO_2$ air and $CO_2$ free air on the change of membrane potential difference(PD) were measured. Fast hyperpolarization of guard cell membrane PD was recorded reaching up to -12 mV in response to light. If $CO_2$ free air was given firstly, there was no response. When light was given after $CO_2$ free air, the light effect was very clear. At the onset of $CO_2$ air, the PD showed a dramatic hyperpolarization to about -25 mV. Changes in the pH of apoplast in intact leaves in response to $CO_2$ air were observed. $CO_2$ air caused a change of 0.4 pH unit. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that $CO_2$ flowing could stimulate proton efflux which is a necessary precursor of stomatal opening.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제4권3_4호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1981

본 연구는 Heteromeres arbutifolia의 잎과 Ferocactus acanthodes의 줄기에서 기공저항을 측정하여 공변세포의 능동적 수동적 운동을 이론적 기반하에서 연구하는데 그 목적이 있다. 빛과 물의 손실에 대한 기공의 능동적 수동적 반응이 관찰되었고 공변세포의 내외의 물의 득실율을 명명 $\Delta$Wi 와 $\Delta$Wt라고 하였을 때 그곳에 축적되는 물의 축적율은 $\Delta$Wi-$\Delta$Wt로 표시된다. 빛의 존재하에서 기공이 열린 잎을 암처리시키고 어두운 곳에서 기공이 닫힌 잎에 빛을 주었을때, H. arbutifolia잎의 공변세포는 $\Delta$Wi>$\Delta$Wt인 상태만을 나타냈고 기공개폐는 능동적이였다. 그러니 자연광하에서 기공을 닫는 F. acanthodes의 줄기에 검은 천을 덮었다가 벗겼을때 공변세포의 운동은 $\Delta$Wi<$\Delta$Wt 상태에서 일어 났으며 수동적이였다. 줄기에서 떨어짐으로 인해 $\Delta$Wi>$\Delta$Wt 상태를 나타내는 H. arbutifolia와 F. acanthodes의 공변세포의 운동은 광의 유무에 무관하게 언제나 수동적으로 일어 났다. F. acanthodes와 Opuntia bigelovii의 줄기에 있는 공변세포의 증산저항계수는 각각 0.380과 0.135였으며 이들은 0.034의 값을 나타내는 H. arbutifolia잎의 경우보다 훨씬높다. 더우기 낮동안 F. acanthodes의 줄기에서 기공이 열리는 현상은 물을 줌으로써 유도될 수 있었다. 이 결과들로부터 사막의 CAM식물들은 언제나 기공을 여는 상태이나 밤동안은 $\Delta$Wi>$\Delta$Wt이고 낮동안은 $\Delta$Wi<$\Delta$Wt가 되므로 밤에 기공이 열리고 낮에는 닫히는 수동적 운동을 하게된다고 해석된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1985

토양수분, 질소시비량 및 도복의 발생 유무가 소맥엽신의 기공개도에 미치는 영향을 알고져 소맥 조광 품종을 공시하여 침윤법으로 개화기에 기공개도의 일중변화를 조사하였던바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 기공이 폐공되는 시각은 토양수분 Potential이 낮을수록 빨라졌으며 폐공되는 정도도 컸었다. 2. 기공개도는 하위엽이 상위엽에 비하여 작았고 토양수분 Potential 이 낮을수록 기공개도의 감소정도는 더욱 컸다. 3. 도복된 맥체의 기공개도는 정상 맥체에 비하여 작았는데 그 경향은 토양수분 정도 및 측정시각에 관계없이 동일하였다. 4. 질소 보비구는 소비구에 비하여 기공개도가 큰 일중변화를 하였는데 도복구나 건조구에서도 같은 경향이었다. 5. 도복후 일수가 경과함에 따라 기공개도는 크게 감소하였는데 도복후 6 일에는 무도복구에 비하여 50％이하의 개도를 보였으며 그 감소정도는 하위엽이 더욱 컸으며 일중에서는 오후에 현저하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 1981

Diurnal changes in leaf stomatal resistances were measured on leaf positions and both surfaces to investigate the stomatal response to irradiance in wheat, var. Chokwang and barley, var. Dongbori 1. Stomatal frequency and size were also determined to explain the control mechanism of gas exchanges in two species. The leaf diffusive resistances of two species decreased, as the sun rose, to minimum at 10 to 11 o'clock a.m. and increased gradually in the afternoon, even faster at sunset. As the adaxial irradiance increased, stomatal resistances decreased sensitively in the range of 30uEm$^{-2}$ㆍsec$^{-1}$ to 150uEm$^{-2}$ㆍsec$^{-1}$ quantum flux density. The stomatal opening of the abaxial surface began at lower irradiance and was completed earlier than the adaxial surface. The adaxial irradiances decreased in order of leaf position, flag, the 2nd, the 3rd leaf, and the stomatal resistances increased in the same order. Even under the same irradiance, the stomatal resistance of lower leaves were higher than those of upper leaves. The stomatal frequencies of lower leaves were less, but the stomatal size was greater than those of upper leaves. Consequently, the relative leaf area occupied by stomatal pores were constant among leaf positions in two species.