• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.3 s.59
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• pp.221-227
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• 2005

The effects of light and $CO_2$ on the electrophysiological characteristics of guard cells in the intact leaf and isolated epidermis have been investigated. Fast hyperpolarization of guard cell apoplastic PD in the intact leaf was recorded reaching up to around 7 mV and 20 mV in response to light and $CO_2$. Whenever the experiments were attempted with isolated epidermis, there was no response to light and $CO_2$. In order to determine the influence of the mesophyll cells, the apoplastic PD of guard cells in isolated epidermis was measured in the presence of the mesophyll supernatant or the control medium. The apoplastic PD in isolated epidermis was hyperpolarized to -7mV, changing from -22mV to -29mV at 40 min. But, when isolated epidermis was incubated with the supernatant from mesophyll cells incubated in the light, the apoplastic PD in isolated epidermis was hyperpolarized to -19 mV, changing from -22 mV to -40.5 mV. $CO_2$ also caused a change of 0.1 to 0.3 pH unit in the intact leaf. However, this change was absent in isolated epidermis. A vibrating probe was used to detect the change in electrical currents at the surface of excised intact leaves and isolated epidermis. The reading of excised intact leaves in the dark was $0.5\muA\;cm^{-2},$ remaining steady until illuminated. Light increased the current on the surface of excised leaves to about $0.8\muA\;cm^{-2},$. However, light had no effect in the current on the surface of isolated epidermis. Apoplastic pH changes across the stomatal complex in response to light and dark were measured both in the intact leaves and isolated epidermis over the same time period using pH micro-electrodes. The guard cell wall of intact leaf was acidified to 2.5 pH unit, falling from pH 7.5 to pH 5.0 in the first 10 min. in the light. At the same time the guard cell wall pH of isolated epidermis fell from pH 7.5 to pH 7.0 at 10 min. The guard cell wall pH of isolated epidermis incubated in the mesophyll supernatant fell from pH 7.6 to pH 6.7 at 10 min. Likewise, It could be imagined that an electrical signal, chemicals and hormones propagated from the mesophyll in response to light and $CO_2$ could control a fast stomatal response.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.6
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• pp.37-43
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• 1965

8-Hydroxyquinoline, known to have the therapeutic effect to fusarium; and to diminish the amount of evaporation because of reducing the size of the stomata, and a new compound, phenylmercuric 8-oxyquinolinate, were synthesized. The fungicidal effect and diminishing effect of evaporation in phenylmercuric 8-oxyquinolinate were studied and the results are as follows. 1) 8-Hydroxyquinoline(m.p. $74{\sim}75^{\circ}C$, white needle crystalline) was synthesized by Skraup's method, 2) Phenylmercuric 8-oxyquinolinate(m.p. $159{\sim}160^{\circ}C$, yellowish brown needle crystalline) was synthesized by reacting phenylmercuricacetate to 8-hydroxyquinoline. 3) The orders of the fungicidal effects are; a) To Cochliobolus miyabeanus P.M.A.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.359-364
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• 1999

The effect of Salicylic acid (SA) on the leaf growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance in Commelina communis L. was investigated. C. communis which was grown in Hoagland solution containing 1 mM SA during 3 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of leaf length, width and area. 1 mM SA reduced about 10% of the leaf area at 1 week and 2 weeks, but inhibited 22% of the leaf area at 3 weeks. SA also showed great effect on the reduction of chlorophyll content. SA reduced 47% and 53% of chlorophyll content each at 2 weeks and 3 weeks when it was compared with the control. Chlorophyll a/b ratio in SA treated sample was increased at 3 weeks representing that SA was sensitive to chlorophyll b. The treatment of SA did not inhibit the activity of PSII＋PSI, PSII and PSI. This result indicates that SA did not show direct effect oil the photosynthetic electron transport activity. However, when C. communis was grown in Hoagland solution containing I mM SA fer long period, SA showed clear inhibition of photosyhthesis in intact leaves. The treatment of SA for 3 weeks showed about 23~65% inhibition of photosynthetic activity at various light intensity (100~1000$\mu$mo1 m­$^2$S­$^1$). Similar effect was found on stomatal conductance. The treatment of SA caused an almost closure of stomata. Similar effects of stomatal conductance at various light intensity indicate a loss of normal control on stomatal mechanism. These results indicate that the effect of SA on photo-synthetic activity was not by SA itself but by indirect metabolic pathway.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to examine geographic variation to support a genetic resource conservation plan of rare endemic Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zucc.) Carriere. Three populations of P. jezoensis were analysed using multivariate analysis for 7 characteristics of needle morphology. In the morphological characters, seven characters of needle were 15.11 mm (needle length), 1.43 mm (needle width), 0.42 mm (needle thickness), 10.9 (length / width of needle), 3.6 (width / thickness of needle), 0.47 mm (Distance between resin duct and vascular), 17.4 ea. (number of stomata row), respectively. Nested analysis showed that were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in 6 quantitative characters. In 5 of 7 characters, variance components among populations were higher than those among individuals within populations. Cluster analysis using complete linkage method showed two groups (Mt. Gyebang populations was genetically distinct from the other two populations) to Euclidean distance 0.4. Among principal components, primary 2 principal components appeared to be major variables because of the loading contribution of 100%.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1989

The histochemical characteristics of the cutaneous granular glands and its fine structure of the Korean fire bellied toad, Bombino orientalis Boulenger the only species inhabitated in Korea, were studied with light and electron microscopes. By the granular size and histochemical properties, the granular glands were subdivided into two types. The type I glands have small secretory granules (3.6 $\mu$ m), whereas the type II glands contain relatively larger granules (7.5 $\mu$ m). These two types of glands were simple alveolar gland, and they were commonly composed of inner glandular epithelial cells and outermost myoepithelial cells. By the histochemical reactions, these two secretory granules were not responsed to Alcian blue, but weakly positive reaction was observed in type I granular glands by the PAS reaction. And by the scanning electron microscopic observation, extemal morphology of the opening site of the gland duct was resembled to the stomata of the plant leaves. Especially the epithelial cells of the type I glands had fine reticular surface whereas, type II glands had large vesicular surface. These types of the glands conimonly had larger cavities than those of mucous glands, and forming the multinucleated unicellulr structure (syncytium) at the glandular epithelial layers. Secretory granules of these glands were originated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the glandular epithelial cells, and by the maturation level of the granule, morphological diversities appeared.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.394-402
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of ozone on the two species in controlled environment. $Sedum$ $kamtschaticum$ and $Hosta$ $longipes$ were exposed in both control and ozone chamber to investigate photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, visible damage, the number and the size of stomata and the plastogloubuli. Ozone was fumigated in the concentration of $200{\mu}g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ for 8 hours in a day (from 08:00 AM to 04:00 PM). Firstly, net photosynthesis of two species was decreased after ozone fumigation. Secondly, glutathione reductase activities showed significant difference between control and ozone treatment. Thirdly, visible symptoms of leaves were expressed such as chlorosis, necrosis and decoloration. Also, the size of stoma was significantly decreased in ozone-exposed plants. Furthermore, the intercellular space of $Hosta$ $longipes$ showed increased phenomenon because the mesophyll was collapsed. The number and the size of the plastogloubuli were significantly larger in ozone stress.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.381-386
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• 2010

The berry growth and pericarp characteristics were characterized to confirm the effects of bagging periods on berry cracking during berry development in 'Kyoho' grape. The berry weight was the highest at 13.4 g in late period of bagging treated at 7 to 9 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) as compared with the lowest of 12.3 g in total period bagging. The berry cracking rate under critical turgor pressure in the non-bagging control was 53.3%, while those of bagging treatments were decreased in the order of 42.7%, 37.3%, 33.3%, and 18.7% in bagged during 3 to 9, 3 to 5, 5 to 7, and 7 to 9 WAFB, respectively. In the results of observation on histological characteristics of pericarp, berry lenticels of whole bagging treatments had smaller and normal shape compared with non-bagging control treatment. Especially on the pericarp of late period bagged during 7 to 9 WAFB, suberization around stomata and micro-cracking were not observed and structural strength of pericarp was increased with thicker sub-epidermal layer and cell wall. Therefore, the results indicate that bagging treatment for two weeks just before the veraison when the day length and daylight is relatively longer and stronger can effectively reduce berry cracking by strengthening structure of pericarp in 'Kyoho' grape.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.106-111
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• 1987

The susceptibility of 8 chrysanthemum varieties to Apelenchoides ritzemabosi, Shuhonothikara and Sagakiku were resistant by 11.7% and 14.5% each infested leaf, Sinrokusiogio, Dangonanako and Sintoa were susceptible as above 50%, Gold wave and Tenju were modertae by 24 to 26%. Percentage of infested leaf was positively correlated with the number of epidermal hair but not with leaf area, leaf thickness, stomatal size, number of stomata and length of epidermal hair. In effect of watering method, Polyethylene film cover plot was lowest by 9.4%, next conventional watering plot by 50%, Conventional watering and spray plot was the highest by 62%. The infested leaf rate was closely related with a number of rainy days than the amount of rainfall. Effect of chemical soil treatment, Temik showed the lowest infested leaf rate by 5%. There was no significant difference between the chemicals except Temik, but these are markedly effective in compare to control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1968

As a preliminary investigation to obtain useful auto- and allopolyploids a ten year old tetraploid of Pinus densiflora induced from the colchicine treated seed was observed on the cytological, morphological and physioa logical characters in the present study and the results can be summarized as follows. 1. The number of chromosome at the base of needle was 48 so that it was recognized as a tetraploid. 2. The needles were thicker and the number of them on an individual was less than the 2n plant. The needle combined to a single was appeared 2%. 3. No difference was found in the number of stomata rows on the central part of needle between the tetraploid and 2n plant, however, guard cells of tetraploid increased 36% in the long diameter compared with 2n plant. 4. Microsporangiate storbile developed normally showing the same size with 2n plant while the size of pollen grain increased about 20% larger than 2n plant. 5. Germination percentage in vitro increased until 17 hours but decreased after 26 hours compared with 2n plant. The longest length of pollen tube during the germination period appeared in the tetraploid pollen.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2009

$Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ L. ($Iso{\ddot{e}}taceae$) is difficult to identify among the infrageneric taxa because of morphological simplicity. Since two species (I. japonica and I. coreana) had been reported, I. jejuensis and I. hallasanensis were described as two new species from Jeju Island, South Korea. The habitats of all species were confirmed by current studies except for I. japonica. We compared the morphological and anatomical characters of seven species, three domestic species and four species in adjacent regions (I. taiwanensis, I. sinensis, I. japonica, and I. asiatica). I. asiatica differs from other species in the lobe number of corm, spreading sporophylls, lack of stomata and degree of velum development. All of the seven species were identified by the characteristics of their mega- and microspores. Especially, it was possible to identify the four species in South Korea by the types of ornamentation on their megaspores. Each species has a specific type of megaspore ornamentation: I. coreana - cristate, I. jejuensis - rugulate, I. hallasanensis - echinate, and I. japonica - reticulate. We also discussed the phylogeny of the genus in East Asia in relation to recent studies based on the second intron of LEAFY sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. We suggest strategies for the conservation of the endangered $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species in South Korea.