• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.465-477
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• 1997

The purpose of this article is to know the effects on bowel function of the kind of fiber and the amount of fiber in SD-rats. To do this experiment, we select of $\alpha$-cellulose as n insoluble cellulose source and alginic acid and pectin as soluble cellulose source. The rats diets contained callolose camcentrations of 1.0%, 3.6%, 6.0% and 10.0%. After that, we raised the SD-rats for 4weeks and measured the amount of food intake, body weight, the food effciency ratio, the length of liver and stomach the weight of the intestines, the transit time through the intestines, pH in feces, and the amount of bile acid and Ca, Mg, pp. 1) The amount of food intake was 15.75-31.00g/day. It was highest in the 10.0% cellulose group and the lowest in the 3.6% and 6.0% alginic acid group (p<0.05). The body weights of rats were 277.50-349.809. It was highest in the 1.0% pectin group and lowest in the 3.6% alginic acid group, 6.0% cellulose group, and 10.0% pectin group. It had differences according to the content fiber and the kind of dietary(p<0.01). The food efficiency ratio was (p<0.01). The higher the content of dietary fiber, the lower the calory and the food efficiency ratio. 2) Transit time was 446.0-775.0 minutes and it showed signidicant ifferences according to the content and kind of dietary fiber(p<0.01). It was long in the 1.0% cellulose group and 1.0% pectin group but short in the 10.0% alginic acid group. As the content of dietary fiber increased, the transit time through the intestines was shortened. The length of small intestine was 101.03-120.40cm and there were no difference cegardloss of the content and kind of fiber. The length of the large intestine was 20.92-25.42cm and there were significant differences according to the content and kind of the fiber. High-fiber diets resulted in increases in the length of the large intestine. 3) The weight of the liver was 8.68-10.96g and there were no differences according to the content and kind of fiber. The weight of stomach was 1.28-1.74g and there were no differences resulting from the kind of dietary fiber, but it was highest in the 10.0% alginic acid group. The weight of the small intestine was 5.52-8.04g with no difference resulting from to the kind of fiber. It was highest in the 10.0% the alginic acid group and lowest in the 1.0% alginic acid group(p<0.05). The weight of large intestine was 2.50-3.30g with no differences related to the kind of dietary fiber. It was heaviest in the 6.0% and 10.0% alginic acid groups and in the 10.0% pectin group with differences related to the content of fiber(p<0.05). 4) The pH of the feces was 5.82-6.86 according to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was high at 6.66, the cellulose group was 6.26. but the pectin group was low at 6.30. There were difference according to the content of fiber, but no consistency. The content of bile acid was 6.25-34.77umol per 1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, the alginic acid group was low at 12.91umol, cellulose group was 18.64umol and, the pectin group was the highest at 27.78umol(p<0.001). Based on the content of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was low at 1.0%, but high at 3.6% pectin group(p<0.001). 5) The amount of feces was 1.00-5.10g/day. The weight of rat feces was 2.23g/day in the alginic acid goup, 2.75g/day in the cellulose group, and 1.82g/day in the pectin group. According to the content of fiber, cellulose group was high at 10.0% but alginic acid group was 1.0%, and there were significant difference according to the dietary fiber. The more the content of fiber, the more increase the content of feces in alginic acid, cellulose and pectin group. The content of Ca in the feces was 80.10-207.82mg/1g of dry feces. In the dietary fiber, alginic acid group was 193.08mg, cellulose group was 87.5mg, pectin group was 138.16mg. In the content of fiber, alginic acid group was high at 1.0% and 3.6% but low at 10.0% of Pectin group. The content of Mg was 19.15-44.72mg/1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was 35.33mg, cellulose group was 23.60mg, and pectin was 36.93mg. According to the content of fiber, pectin group was high at 1.0% and low at 10.0% of cellulose group. The content of P was 1.65-4.65mg/1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group 2.23mg/g dry feces, cellulose group was 2.29mg/g, pectin group wa 4.08mg/g dry feces. In the content of fiber, pectin group was high at 6.0% and low at 6.0% alginic acid group, but there were significant difference among the analysis value. The conetnt of Ca and MG was higher in soluble alginic acid group and pectin group than in insoluble cellulose group. The high the content of the dietary fiber, the lower the food efficiency ratio and the short the transit time through intestine with the increase of the length of large intestin as well as the higher level of the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. According to the content of the dietary fiber, the amount of the feces, Ca, Mg and P was increased but the length the small intestin, the weight of liver, pH of the feces and the amount of bile acid showed no differences and consistency.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.229-237
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• 2014

Purpose: Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG) is a well-established procedure for the treatment of early gastric cancer. Several reconstruction methods can be adopted after LDG according to tumor characteristics and surgeon preference. This study aimed to compare the remnant gastric functions after different reconstructions. Materials and Methods: In total, 221 patients who underwent LDG between March 2005 and October 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were classified into four groups based on the reconstructive procedure: Billroth I (BI) anastomosis, Billroth II (BII) with Braun anastomosis, Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstruction, or uncut RY reconstruction. Patient demographics, surgical outcomes, and postoperative endoscopic findings were reviewed and compared among groups. Results: Endoscopic evaluations at $11.8{\pm}3.8$ months postoperatively showed less frequent gastritis and bile reflux in the remnant stomach in the RY group compared to the BI and BII groups. There was no significant difference in the gastric residue among the BI, BII, and RY groups. The incidence of gastritis and bile reflux in the uncut RY group was similar to that in the RY group, while residual gastric content in the uncut RY group was significantly smaller and less frequently observed than that in the RY group (5.8% versus 35.3%, P=0.010). Conclusions: RY and uncut RY reconstructions are equally superior to BI and BII with Braun anastomoses in terms of gastritis and bile reflux in the remnant stomach. Furthermore, uncut RY reconstruction showed improved stasis compared to conventional RY gastrojejunostomy. Uncut RY reconstruction can be a favorable reconstructive procedure after LDG.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.212-219
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• 1992

Although oral route is the most convenient route for drug administration, the short and variable transit of drug through GI tract restricts the sustained drug absorption after oral administration. Thus, for sustained absorption of drugs, it is desirable to prolong the GI transit time by retaining the dosage forms in the stomach. In this study, the enzyme-digestible swelling hydrogel was synthesized by heating the mixed solution of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone[monomer], acrylated albumin[crosslinking agent] and proxyphylline[drug] at $65^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours in the cylindrical test tube. The resultant hydrogel tablet (diameter; 0.77 cm, thickness; 0.47 cm) was designed to swell in the gastric fluid after oral administration to such a size that passing through the pylorus could be inhibited during the drug release. After releasing drug, the hydrogel was expected to be degraded by pepsin, an enzyme in the stomach, and eventually solubilized. Actually, the hydrogel synthesized in the study swelled to a size larger than the diameter of the pylorus ($1.3{\pm}0.7$ cm) and slowly digested in the presence of pepsin. Drug release from the hydrogel was prolonged up to about 12 hours. The swelling kinetics was dependent on albumin acrylation time, drug content and gel thickness. Particularly the gel thickness was the most important factor that influences on drug release. By adjusting these factors, the albumin-crosslinked hydrogel was expected to be retained in the stomach for up to 60 hours and used as a potential platform of drugs for long-term GI absorption.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.719-729
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• 1997

Stomach contents of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, caught by longlining in the western tropical Pacific were analyzed to examine their foods and to compare their feeding behavior. The food species of both bigeye and yellowfin tunas were primarily fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. A total of 15 fish, 6 crustacean, and 1 cephalopod species were identified from their stomach contents, of which lantern fish (Myctophum sp.) was the most important food for both tuna species. No significant differences in species composition of food items between bigeye and yellowfin tunas were observed, indicating that in the same habitat the tunas have a similar feeding behavior. However, while they showed a remarkable similarity in diet composition, significant quantitative differences on the basis of IRI values were observed in several diet species, such as Myctophidae, Alepisauridae, Oplophoridae, Gammaridae, and Onychoteuthidae.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2000

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the present status of cancer screening recommendations(beginning age, interval, recommended screening methods, etc.) by physicians and analyze the association between physician's characteristics and the content of their recommendations. Methods : Data were collected from March 1 to April 30 of 1997, and 373 physicians who were from different hospital settings all over Korea were interviewed by telephone about their screening recommendations for stomach, cervical and breast cancer for these who provided cancer screening services. Results : For stomach cancer screening, respondents recommended that cancer screening begin at 40 years of age(57.8%), with a 1 year interval(77.2%), and by gastrofibroscopy (86.2%). For cervical cancer screening, respondents recommended that cancer screening begin at 25 years of age(42.0%), with a 1 year interval(67.8%), and by using a Pap smear(100.0%). For breast cancer screening, respondents recommended that cancer screening begin at 35 years of age(38.7%), with a 1 year interval(57.3%), and by mammography (97.3%). Conclusions : To establish appropriate cancer screening recommendations for Korea, if may be useful to consider the above results concerning medical care providers.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate antiulcer effects of traditional folk medicines such as heat-treated acumen, halloysitum rubrum and os sepiae against stomach ulcer induced by acetic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats. Various pharmacological parameters were utilized to compare the antiulcer effects of aforementioned drugs based on the size of ulcer lesion, pepsin activity, free and total acidity, gastric secretory volume, and 5-HT (hydxoytrytamine) content. All folk medicines and ranitidine as control drus were shown to decrease ulcer lesion size after 5-day treatments, with the order of halloysitum rubrum, os sepiae, heat-treated acumen and ranitidine. All treated drugs except os sepiae inhibited the gastric volume as compared with that in the control group. Ranitidine most significantly inhibited the gastric volume. All the experimented drugs in this study lowered the gastric acidity. Halloysitum rubrum decreased it most remarkably, followed by ranitidine, os sepiae and heat-treated alumen after 5-day treatments. All used drugs alleviated the pepsin activity as compared with the control group, os sepiae being the highest then halloysitum rubrum, heat-treated alumen and ranitidine in turn. Heat-treated alumen and halloysitum rubrum showed mucin production to the great extent, and ranitidine had slight increasing effect thereon. At the end of observation period, all drugs except ranitidine increased 5-HT contents as compared to the normal group. From the above results, we could confirm the folk medicines such as heat-treated alumen, halloysitum rubrum and os sepiae have not only remarkable antiulcer effects but also preventing effects for the stomach ulcer recurrence, which suggest the experimented folk medicines could be developed as new antiulcer agents.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.77-97
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• 1993

Human and animals are living by acclimation to environmental changes like high and cold temperature, nose, confinement, etc. If the above changes reach a defined levels, some physiological abnormal state could appear, which we call them as stress state. Catecholamines are excreted by the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system in free from in urine. Catecholamines are derived from the adrenal medulla and urinary epinephrine can be taken as a rough estemation of the activity of this gland. Many scientist reported the endocrinological change, excretion of catecholamine and its metabolites, stomach ulcer formation, etc. under the condition of the confinement and high temperature. In this study author gave restraint, electric shock and immersion stress to rats by administrating by HPLC and got the following results. 1. In the restriant experiment, epinephrine contents in control rat was 194.7 ng, but in Bohyulanshintang administered rat urine 198.9 ng of epinephrine was found. 2. In the electrical shock experiment, 199.5 ng of epinephrine was found in the control rat urine, but in Bohyulanshintang administered rat urine epinephrine content was 142.4 ng. 3. Dopamine contents in control rat urine the immersion environment was 118.9 ng, but in Bohyulanshintang administered rat urine only 55.2 ng of dopamine was found. 4. Incontrol rat stomach there appeared focal erosion and inflamatory exudate, but in experimental group these symptom were turned to mild condition.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.143-161
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• 2004

In Dongeuibogam "東醫寶鑑", Qian Yi(錢乙)'s had been reorganized in more elaborated ways, comprising Ju dan Gae(朱丹溪)'s 'Yang is always sufficient and Yin is always deficient theory(陽有餘陰不足論) and Li Dong Yuan(李東垣)'s 'Theory of the Spleen and Stomach(脾胃論)'. In organizing the contents, 5 Organs(五臟) were mostly concerned especially 'the Heart, the Fire (心火) and the Kidney, the Water(腎水)' as the axis and 'the Spleen and Stomach(脾胃)' as the center of 5 Organs. Based on this concept, the patterns of disharmonies were categorized and the table of content was organized. In this book, 'Deficiency-Excess and Nourishing-Draining(虛實補瀉)'is the basic treatment rule and the concept of 'Yin and Yang(陰陽)' and 'Exterior and Interior(表裏)' is considered to help tell the prognosis. This book has importance of systemizing Qian Yi(錢乙)'s , which was previously mentioned in Hyangyakjipseongbang("鄕藥集成方"),Euibangyoochui("醫方類聚"), Euirimchyalyo("醫林撮要"), by comprising the theories of Jin Yuan Si Da J ia -the four great masters of the Jin Yuan Dynasties(金元四大家).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 2012

Population ecology (Ecological characteristics) of Squalidus japonicus coreanus from the Namhan River(Yangpyeong-gun Yangpyeong-eup Changde-ri), Gyeonggi-do, Korea were investigated from January to December 2011. Short barbel gudgeon inhabits habitats run of the lower river. The stream bed was mostly covered sand. Their current velocities were 0.14~1.38m/sec and depths were 80~120cm. The sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 0.82. It is presumed that the spawning season is from June to July and water temperatures were $18.5{\sim}24.3^{\circ}C$. Sexually matured individuals appeared over the two year of age. Frequency analysis of total length indicated that the group with 34~50mm in total length was one year old, the 51~74mm was two years old, and the group over 75mm was three years old. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was estimated as 1,871 per matured female. Stomach content of S. japonicus coreanus were Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Rotatoria, Crustaceae, Copepoda, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, and Nematoda. omnivorous, mainly feeds on benthic invertebrates such as chironomidae larvae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.132-140
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• 1998

This study aimed to verify the nutritional and curative effects of protein hydroysate and optimal ratio between protein and protein hydroysate as nitrogen source in rats with cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer rat model was established by intraperitoneal injections of cysteamine. Sprague-Dawley, female rats weighing approximately 200g were intrapertionealy injected twice cysteamine(13mg/100g BW) at intervals of 3hours per day. This procedure was repeated 3 times at intervals of 3 days. Animals fed on 10% casein diet for injection periods. After last injection, 5 kinds of kiets (the ratio of casein and casein hydrolysate was 100 : 0(C100), 75 : 25(CH 25), 50 : 50(CH 50), 25 : 75(CH 75), 0 : 100(CH 100)) were given. The rate were sacrificed after feeding diet, 1, 3, 5 days. Ulcer index, hexosamine content of stomach and duodeum, gastric motility, trypsin activity, blood glutathione, plasma total protein, albumin, amino-N, urinalry urea nitrogen, creatinine, hydroxyproline and retention rate of nitrogen were analyzed for nutritional effects of diet treatments. There were no differences among diet groups in the view of the growth and diet treatments. There difference of ulcer curation by diet was appeared after 3 days. The ulcer indexes of C100 and CH 25 of 3, 5 days were significantly higher than those of CH 50, CH 75 and CH 100. This result was the same as hexosamine content of stomach, plasma protein, albumin concentration and nitrogen retention rate. The more casein hydrolysate diet had, the lower trypsin activity was. The more casein gydroysate diet had, the higher excretion of hydroxyproline was. These results show that protein hydrolysate can be applied in diet therapy for the patients with gastronitestinal ulcer. It suggests that it has curative effect of diet when nitogen sources include at least over than 50% of protein hydrolysate.