• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2011

The development of satisfactory alternatives for supplying the nutrients needed by crops could decrease the problems associated with conventional NPK chemical fertilizers. In this study, the effects of bacterial and fungal effective microorganisms (EM) on the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) were evaluated. This investigation was carried out parrallel with conventional NPK chemical fertilizer and a commercial sold microbial fertilizer to compare between each of their effect. Sterile water and molasses were served as controls. Azotobacter chroococcum effect also was studied either alone or in combination with the effective microorganisms on the growth parameters. In contrast to the bacterial EM, the fungal EM alone without A. chroococcum had a more stimulating effect than fungal EM combined with A. chroococcum. Results showed that seedling inoculation significantly enhanced B. rapa growth. Shoot dry and fresh weight, and leaf length and width significantly were increased by both bacterial and fungal inoculation. The results indicated that the NPK chemical fertilizer deteriorates the microflora inhabiting the soil, while the effective microorganisms either fungal or bacterial ones increased the microbial density significantly. This study implies that both of fungal and bacterial EM are effective for the improvement of the Chinese cabbage growth and enhance the microorganisms in soil. The results showed antagonism occurred between A. chroococcum and each of Penicillium sp and Trichoderma sp in both agar and plant assays. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett test.

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.196-203
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• 1989

Experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effect of Sagan-Tang on analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, isolated ileum and blood vessel and so on. The results of this investigation were summarized as follows; Analgesic action by the acetic acid stimulating method in mice were recognized. Prolonging action against the hypnotic duration induced by thiopental-Na was noted in mice. Antipyretic effect in typhoid vaccine febrile rats was recognized. Spontaneous motility of the isolated ileum of mice was suppressed and contractions of the isolated ileum of mice and guinea-pig induced by accetylcholine chloride, barium chloride and histamine were remarkably inhibited. Vaso-diating and hypotensive actions were recognized in rabbits. GOT and GPT activities in the serum of rats damaged by $CCl_4$ and galactosamine were decreased remarkably.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1053-1060
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• 2019

Thermal drying is a common process used in the food industry for the modification of agricultural products. However, while various studies have investigated the alteration in physiochemical properties and chemical composition after drying, research focusing on the relationship between different dehydration conditions and bioactivity is scarce. In the current study, we prepared dried ginger under nine different conditions by varying the processing time and temperature and compared their immunomodulatory effects. Interestingly, depending on the drying condition, there were significant differences in the immunestimulating activity of the dried ginger samples. Gingers processed at $50^{\circ}C$ 1h displayed the strongest activation of macrophages measured by $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 levels, whereas, freezedried or $70^{\circ}C$- and $90^{\circ}C$-dried ginger showed little effect. Similar results were recapitulated in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, further confirming that different dehydration conditions can cause significant differences in the immune-stimulating activity of ginger. Induction of ERK, p38, and JNK signaling was found to be the major underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of ginger. These results highlight the potential to improve the bioactivity of functional foods by selectively controlling processing conditions.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

Here, we evaluated the mode of programmed cell death during porcine oocyte maturation by comparing the two major pathways associated with programmed cell death, apoptosis (type I), and autophagy (type II). We investigated the expression and localization of major genes involved in autophagy and apoptosis at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the effect of hormonal stimulation on autophagy and apoptosis was analyzed. We found that the activity of autophagy-associated genes was increased in the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) following follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) treatment, while the addition of luteinizing hormone (LH) reversed this effect. The expression of proteins associated with autophagy was the highest in FSH-treated COCs. On the other hand, caspase-3 protein level was maximum in COCs cultured with LH. The treatment with rapamycin resulted in the effect similar to that observed with FSH treatment and increased autophagy activity. Thus, hormonal stimulation of pig oocytes resulted in distinct patterns of maturation. The high-quality oocytes majorly relied on the type II pathway (autophagy), while the type I pathway (apoptosis) was more prominent among poor-quality oocytes. Further investigation of this distinction may allow the development of techniques to produce high-quality oocytes in porcine in vitro fertilization.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2022

Diarylpropionitrile (DPN), a selective agonist for estrogen receptor β (ERβ), has been reported to regulate various hormonal responses through activation of ERβ in tissues including the mammary gland and brain. However, the effect of DPN on melanogenesis independent of ERβ has not been studied. The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of anti-melanogenic effect of DPN and its underlying mechanism. Melanin contents and cellular tyrosinase activity assay indicated that DPN inhibited melanin biosynthesis in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cell line. However, DPN had no direct influence on in vitro tyrosinase catalytic activity. On the other hand, 17β-estradiol had no effect on inhibition of melanogenesis, suggesting that the DPN-mediated suppression of melanin production was not related with estrogen signaling pathway. Immunoblotting analysis showed that DPN down-regulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a central transcription factor of melanogenesis and its down-stream genes including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. Also, DPN attenuated the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). Additionally, DPN suppressed the melanin synthesis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT conditioned media culture system suggesting that DPN has potential as an anti-melanogenic activity in physiological conditions. Collectively, our data show that DPN inhibits melanogenesis via downregulation of PKA/CREB/MITF signaling pathway.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.292-301
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• 2010

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a pituitary glycoprotein hormone that is encoded by separate alpha- and betasubunit genes. It plays a key role in stimulating and regulating ovarian follicular development and egg production in chicken. FSH signal transduction is mediated by the FSH receptor (FSHR) that exclusively interacts with the beta-subunit of FSH, but characterization of prokaryotic expression of the FSHb gene and its effect on the expression of the FSHR gene in local chickens have received very little attention. In the current study, the cDNA fragment of the FSHb gene from Dagu chicken was amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and inserted into the pET-28a (+) vector to construct the pET-28a-FSHb plasmid. After expression of the plasmid in E. coli BL21 (DE3) under inducing conditions, the recombination protein, $FSH{\beta}$ subunit, was purified and injected into the experimental hens and the effect on the mRNA expression levels of the FSHR gene was investigated. Sequence comparison showed that the coding region of the FSHb gene in the local chicken shared 99%-100% homology to published nucleotides in chickens; only one synonymous nucleotide substitution was detected in the region. The encoded amino acids were completely identical with the reported sequence, which confirmed that the sequences of the chicken FSHb gene and the peptides of the $FSH{\beta}$ subunit are highly conserved. This may be due to the critical role of the normal function of the FSHb gene in hormonal specificity and regulation of reproduction. The results of gene expression revealed that a recombinant protein with a molecular weight of about 19 kDa was efficiently expressed and it was identified by Western blotting analysis. After administration of the purified $FSH{\beta}$ protein, significantly higher expression levels were demonstrated in uterus, ovary and oviduct samples (p<0.05). These observations suggested that the expressed $FSH{\beta}$ protein possesses biological activity, and has a potential role in regulation of reproductive physiology in chickens.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.598-605
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• 2020

아롱부챗말은 갈조강에 속하는 갈조류의 일종이다. 이전의 보고에 의하면 아롱부챗말은 amyloid-β에 의한 신경병증을 완화하고 혈소판 응집도 억제하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 아롱부챗말의 피부미백 효과를 평가하고 활성 성분을 확인하도록 고안되었다. 이러한 연구를 위하여 아롱부챗말 99% 에틸알코올을 이용하여 추출하였고 활성은 arbutin을 양성 대조군으로 하여 비교하였다. 먼저, 아롱부챗말 추출물은 멜라닌 생성의 속도조절효소인 tyrosinase의 활성을 용량 의존적으로 억제함을 확인하였다. 주목할만한 점으로, 200 μM arbutin은 tyrosinase의 활성을 58.1% 억제한 반면, 0.5% 아롱부챗말 추출물은 76.7% 억제하였다. 아롱부챗말 추출물은 α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone에 의한 TRP-1과 TRP-2 mRNA 발현 증가도 저해하였다. 게다가, 아롱부챗말 추출물은 흑색종 세포인 B16F10 세포에서 멜라닌의 합성을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 아롱부챗말의 활성성분으로는 fucosterol이 확인되었고 함량분석에서 0.66%로 확인되었다. Fucosterol은 흑생종 세포에서 멜라닌 합성 억제 효과가 고시 성분인 arbutin과 유사하였다. 마지막으로, 아롱부챗말의 세포독성을 MTT assay와 LDH release assay를 이용하여 분석하였다. 이 실험에서 아롱부챗말 추출물은 LDH 유출을 유의하게 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 종합하면, 본 연구에서는 아롱부챗말 추출물이 피부 미백용 화장품의 활성성분으로 사용되기에 충분한 가능성을 갖고 있는 것으로 확인하였다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.141-160
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• 2006

The obtained results are summarized as follows 1. New findings are reporting year by year as for the study related to Anti-inflammatory mechanism of Bee Venom therapy. 2. The Anti-inflammatory effect of Bee Venom therapy is achieved through counterirritation, stimulations to adrenal cortex, immuno-regulation, antioxidation, removal of free radicals, modulation of AGP gene induction. 3. The chief components of Bee Venom related to Anti-inflammatory effect are Melittin, MCD peptide, Apamin, Adolapin etc. 4. Melittin binds to secretory phospholipase A2 and inhibits its enzymatic activity. 5. Melittin blocks neutophil O2-production. 6. MCD peptide(Peptide 401) stimulates the mast cell secrets histamine, Anti-inflammatory effect caused by this is 'conterirritation'. 7. Melittin & Apamin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inducing cortisone secretion. 8. MCD peptide & Apamin increase immunologic fuction by stimulating hypophysis & adrenal cortex and have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid. 9. Adolapin have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting COX. 10. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing AGP($\alpha$-acid glycoprotein). 11. Bee Venom have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NO, iNOS, PLA2, COX-2, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-1, NF-${\kappa}B$, MAP kinase.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1344-1348
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• 2005

Moxibustion treatment gives stimulus to specific points in the meridian distributed on the body, and controls imbalance of Qi, blood stream, and, Yin and Yang. So this treatment is the way that prevents and cures diseases by making meridian flow normal. Moxibustion stimulating conditions have a great influence on the treatment results. So proper standards of stimulus are needed to expect effective treatment results. To know what number of moxibustions are needed to gain good treatment effects, I observed the gastrin level in blood after moxibustion on the Xiawan(CV10). Gastrin stimulates to secrete gastric acid. The followings are the results. After 1, 5, and 10 moxibustions everyday on each rat for 5 days, 1 compared what number of moxibustion had a good effect. The group of 5 moxibustions every day had a more significant effect. After moxibustions of 1, 5, and 10 coagulated moxas on each rat, 1 compared the effect of the size of coagulated moxa. The group of 5 and 10 coagulated moxas had a more significant effect. After the same moxibustions on each ract for 1, 5, and 10 days, 1 compared the effect of moxibustion terms. The group of 5 days moxibustion had a more significant effect. These results say that the treatment effect of moxibustion can be varied by the choice of points, and the size, the time, and the number of moxibustions can bring out different effects. I think that the proper size, the proper time, and the proper number of moxibustions can be more effective than the excessive moxibustions.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted in ischemic decerebrate cats to study the effects of electroacupuncture and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on pain reaction. Flexion reflex was used as an index of pain. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve(20 V, 0.5 msec duration) and recorded as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Electroacupuncture was performed, using a 23-gauge hyperdermic needle, on the tsusanli point in the lateral upper tibia of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The common peroneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve which may be associated with electroacupuncture action, as it runs through the tissue portion under the tsusanli point. Both for electroacupuncture and the stimulation of common peroneal nerve a stimulus of 20 V-intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The electroacupuncture markedly depressed the flexion reflex; this effect was eliminated by systemic application of naloxone $(0.02{\sim}0.12\;mg/kg)$, a specific narcotic antagonist. 2) Similarly, the electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve significantly depressed the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone. 3) When most of the afferent nerves excluding sural nerve in the ipsilateral hindlimb were cut, the effect of electroacupuncture on the flexion reflex was not observed. Whereas direct stimulation of the common peroneal nerve at the proximal end from the cut resulted in a significant reduction of the flexion reflex, again the effect was reversible by naloxone application. 4) Transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic 12 did not eliminate the effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on the flexion reflex and its reversal by naloxone, although the effect was significantly less than that in the animal with spinal cord intact. These results suggest that: 1) the analgesic effect of an electroacupuncture is directly mediated by the nervous system and involves morphine-like substances in CNS, 2) the site of analgesic action of electroacupuncture resides mainly in the brainstem and in part in the spinal cord.