• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.181-187
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• 1996

Cobalt and VC powders were ball milled with M2 grade high speed steel powders under various ball to powder ratios. The powders milled under higher ball to powder ratio become finer, more irregular and have a broader size distribution, and thus possess a lower compressibility and a better sinterability regarding densification. Increasing the ball to powder ratio lowered the sintering temperature to obtain the density level necessary to isolate all the pores. Lowering the sintering temperature is very critical to maintain fine microstructure since grain and carbide coarsening are accelerated by higher sintering temperature due to more liquid phase formation. The powders obtained by ball milling at 20 to 1 ratio has the lowest compressibility but has the best sinterability, almost compatible to unmilled pure M2 powders. A sintered body over 97% theoretical density with fine microstructures having average grain size of ~10 microns was obtained from the powder by sintering at 1260 $^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour in vacuum. XRD results indicate that two types of carbides are mainly present in the sintered structure, MC and $M_{6}C$ type. The MC type carbides are more or less round shaped and mainly located at the grain boundaries whereas the $M_{6}C$ type are angular shaped and mainly located inside the grains.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2003

Ti-Si-N coating layers were deposited onto WC-Co substrates by a hybrid system of arc ion plating (AIP) and sputtering techniques. The tribological behaviors of Ti-Si-N coating layers with various Si contents were investigated by the dry sliding wear experiments, which were conducted at three different sliding speeds, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 m/s, against the steel and alumina balls. In the case of steel ball, the average friction coefficient slightly decreased with increasing the sliding speed regardless of Si content due to adhesive wear behavior between coating layer and steel ball. At constant sliding speed, the average friction coefficient decreased with increase of Si content. On the contrary, in the case of alumina ball, the average friction coefficient increased with increasing the sliding speed regardless of Si content, indicating that the abrasive wear behavior was more dominant when the coating layers slide against alumina ball. Through these experimental results, it was found that the tribological behaviors of Ti-Si-N coating layers were effected by factors such as Si content, sliding speed, and kinds of counterpart materials rather than the hardness of coating layer.

• 센서학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.338-345
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• 2008

Steel bearing balls are important component in machines having moving parts. In this paper we describe a vision-based automatic inspection system designed for sensing defects on the surface of steel bearing balls. The system has a camera looking down over a rail on which balls roll. Two mirrors are installed at both sides of the rail so that the side parts of a ball can be well inspected. The entire ball surface can be sufficiently seen by taking three images at $120^{\circ}$ rotation interval. Defects are detected by thresholding the difference image between an image captured and the reference image of a good ball.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2002

Powder type Ag system insert metals were manufactured by ball milling process. The variables of milling process such as milling media, revolution speed and powder/ball weight ratio were constant except the milling time. The milling times were selected for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The insert metals made by milling process were evaluated by performing scanning electron microscope, x-ray and DSC(differential scanning calorimetry) analysis, and further in terms of wettability test. The selected insert metals that have the good characteristics compared to commercial insert metals were applied to make the brazed joints of the steel/steel and the steel/WC superhard particles. The characterizations of those brazed joints were also conducted by microstructural observations, shear tensile tests and microhardness measurements. The results indicated that milling time of 48 hours for making powder type insert metals was the best condition showing the small amount of oxides residue, low wetting angle and stable microstructure. The brazed joints that applied the 48 hours milled insert metal were very sound condition indicating the shear tensile value of $2.29{\times}102$ MPa and the microhardness of 138VHN. Further, the amount of the porosity was appeared to be lower than that of the commercial insert metals.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2000

콘택트 렌즈를 피팅하는 경우 각막곡율에 따른 렌즈의 베이스커브 및 직경의 영향을 고찰하기 위하여 각막곡율별로 stainless steel ball 및 wood ball 모형안을 사용하여 피팅 시뮬레이션을 시도하였다. 완전구면체인 steel ball에 대한 피팅은 대부분 flat fitting으로 관찰되었지만 건성안에 대한 피팅 관찰용의 정량적인 모형안으로는 적합하였다. 사람의 안구와 유사한 형태의 wood ball에 대한 렌츠피팅의 형상은 실제 안구에 대한 피팅 형상과 결과가 거의 유사하였다. 콘택트렌즈의 최적 피팅(normal fitting)에 요구되는 각막곡율과 베이스커브(B.C)의 관계는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 즉 각막곡율 7.6mm 이하에서는 B.C 8.4mm, 각막곡율 7.6~7.8mm에서는 B.C 8.4~8.5mm, 각막곡율 7.8~8.1mm에서는 B.C 8.6mm이다. 또한 평균 각막곡율이 7.6mm일 때 안구돌출이 심한 경우 피팅 렌즈의 B.C는 정상안(7.6mm 각막곡율)의 B.C보다 0.1~0.3mm 더 커야 하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 지나치게 얇은 렌즈를 건성안 모형에 피팅한 결과 심하게 휘거나 뒤틀리는 현상이 발생하였다. Wood ball 모형안에 대한 피팅 결과는 비교적 실제안구에 대한 결과와 대부분 일치하지만 실제 순목 현상에 따른 피팅 상태의 변화를 감지할 수 없는 결점이 있다. 따라서 이 문제점을 포함하여 실제안구에 미치지 못하는 기타 문제점을 보완한다면, wood ball은 콘택트렌즈의 피팅에 따른 물리화학 및 유체역학적인 해석에 활용할 수 있는 좋은 도구(모형안)가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 시멘트 심포지엄
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• 5호
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• pp.79-87
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• 1977

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.669-672
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• 2023

In this research, the researcher has examined the factors affecting the movement of the soccer ball and will show that the effects such as air resistance, altitude above sea level, wind, air pressure, air temperature, air humidity, rotation of the earth, changes in the earth's gravitational acceleration in different areas. It, the geographical length and latitude of the launch point, the change of gravitational acceleration with height, the change of pressure with height, the change of temperature with height and also the initial spin (Magnus effect) affect the movement of projectiles (especially soccer ball). We modelled th ball based on shell element and derive the motion equations by energy method. Finally, using numerical solution, the wave of the ball is studied. The influences of various parameters are investigated on wave propagation of the ball. Therefore, in short, it can be said that the main factors that play a major role in the lateral deviation of the hit ball are the initial spin of the ball and the wind.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.291-296
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• 2004

Cast austenitic stainless steel piping pump, valve casings, and elbows are susceptible to reductions in toughness and ductility because of long term exposure at the operating temperatures in LWR(light water reactor). In this paper, we have measured the material properties of long term aged CF-8A cast stainless steel, accelerated aging at $400^{\circ}C$. These studies have been carried out using Indentation tests(automated ball indentation and nano-indentation) and EDS(energy dispersive spectroscopy). The fracture toughness of CF-8A cast stainless steel was also determined by using standard fracture toughness and Automated Ball Indentation.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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• pp.289-290
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• 2002

Stainless steel ball bearings are used in the control element drive mechanism and driving mechanisms such as step motor and gear boxes for the integral nuclear reactor, SMART. The bearings operate in pressurized pure water (primary coolant) at high temperature and should be lubricated with only this water because it is impossible to supply greases or any additional lubricant since the whole nuclear rector system should be perfectly sealed and the coolant cannot contain ingredients for bearing lubrication. Temperature of water changes from room temperature to about 120 degree Celsius and pressure rises up to 15MPa in the nuclear reactor. It can be anticipated that the frictional characteristics of the ball bearings changes according to the operating conditions, however little data are available in the literature. It is found that friction coefficient of 440C stainless steel itself does not change sharply according to temperature variation from the former research, and the friction coefficient is about 0.45 at low speed range. In this research frictional characteristics of the assembled ball bearings are investigated. A special tribometer is used to simulate the axial loading and the bearing operating conditions, temperature and pressure in the driving mechanism in the nuclear reactor. Highly purified water is used as lubricant ‘ and the water is heated up to 120 degree Celsius and pressurized to 15MPa. Friction force is monitored by the torque transducer.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.26-34
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• 1998

This paper presents a high-speed performance analysis of ball bearings with ceramic balls under thrust loads. The sliding velocity profiles between a ball and raceways were obtained by the 3-D quasi-dynamic equations of motion including both centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment derived by vector matrix algebra. The friction at the contact areas was obtained by the Bair-Winer's non-Newtonian rheological model and the Hamrock-Dowson's central film thickness in EHL analysis. The nonlinear equations were solved by the Newton-Raphson method and the underrelaxation iterative method. The friction torques and ball behaviors with various loads, ball materials, and contact angles were predicted by this model. It was shown that the friction torque was sensitive to thrust load and contact angle, and that the friction torque and the pitch angle of the bearing with ceramic balls are smaller than those of the bearing with steel balls.