• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2013

Prestressed concrete (PC) is the predominant material in highway bridge construction. The use of high-strength concrete has gained wide acceptance in the PC industry. The main target in the highway industry is to increase the durability and the life-span of bridges. Cracking of elements is one aspect which affects durability. Recently, nine 7.62 meter long PC I-beams made with different concrete strength were designed according to a simple, semi-empirical equation developed at the University of Houston (UH) (Laskar et al., ACI Journal 107(3): 330-339, 2010). The UH Method is a function of shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d), concrete strength $\sqrt{f^{\prime}_c}$, web area $b_wd$, and amount of transverse steel. Based on testing these girders, the shear cracking strength of girders with different concrete strength and different shear span-to-depth ratio was investigated and compared to the available approaches in current codes such as ACI 318-11 (2011) and AASHTO LRFD Specifications (2010).

• 소성∙가공
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2015

This paper presents the development process of automotive side door impact beam for passenger cars. Weight reduction while maintaining functional requirements is one of the major goals in the automotive industry. In this study, thin-walled side door beam using quenchable boron steel was designed to reduce the weight of conventional side door tubular one. In order to estimate design for the proposed side door beams, the static side impact protection tests(FMVSS 214) were conducted using the finite element method. Based on the simulation results, geometry modification of the side door beam has been performed via creating new reinforcing ribs. Furthermore, the manufactured frontal impact beam was mounted on the real side door of a passenger car, and then static impact protection test carried out. It is concluded that the presented test results can provide significant contribution to the stiffness of side door impact beams and light-weighting door research.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.547-563
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• 2015

Deflection in a beam of a composite frame is a serviceability design criterion. This paper presents a methodology for rapid prediction of long-term mid-span deflections of beams in composite frames subjected to service load. Neural networks have been developed to predict the inelastic mid-span deflections in beams of frames (typically for 20 years, considering cracking, and time effects, i.e., creep and shrinkage in concrete) from the elastic moments and elastic mid-span deflections (neglecting cracking, and time effects). These models can be used for frames with any number of bays and stories. The training, validating, and testing data sets for the neural networks are generated using a hybrid analytical-numerical procedure of analysis. Multilayered feed-forward networks have been developed using sigmoid function as an activation function and the back propagation-learning algorithm for training. The proposed neural networks are validated for an example frame of different number of spans and stories and the errors are shown to be small. Sensitivity studies are carried out using the developed neural networks. These studies show the influence of variations of input parameters on the output parameter. The neural networks can be used in every day design as they enable rapid prediction of inelastic mid-span deflections with reasonable accuracy for practical purposes and require computational effort which is a fraction of that required for the available methods.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.591-603
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• 2022

The flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by external bonding of composite materials has proved to be an efficient and practical technique. This paper presents a study on the flexural performance of reinforced concrete continuous beams with three spans (one span and two cantilevered) strengthened by bonding carbon fiber fabric (CFRP). The model is based on equilibrium and deformations compatibility requirements in and all parts of the strengthened continuous beam, i.e., the continuous concrete beam, the FRP plate and the adhesive layer. The adherend shear deformations have been included in the present theoretical analyses by assuming a linear shear stress through the thickness of the adherends. Remarkable effect of shear deformations of adherends has been noted in the results. The theoretical predictions are compared with other existing solutions that shows good agreement, and It shows the effectiveness of CFRP strips in enhancing shear capacity of continuous beam. It is shown that both the normal and shear stresses at the interface are influenced by the material and geometry parameters of the composite beam.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.337-346
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• 2019

The present paper tries to contribute fill the gap of application of the component method to tubular connections. For this purpose, one typical joint configuration in which just one component can be considered as active has been studied. These joints were selected as symmetrically loaded welded connections in which the beam width was the same as the column width. This focused the study on the component 'side walls of rectangular hollow sections (RHS) in tension/compression'. It should be one of the main components to be considered in welded unstiffened joints between I beams and RHS columns. Many experimental tests on double-sided I-beam-to-RHS-column joint with a width ratio 1 have been carried out by the authors and a finite element (FE) model was validated with their results. Then, some different analytical approaches for the component stiffness and strength have been assessed. Finally, the stiffness proposals have been compared with some FE simulations on I-beam-to-RHS-column joints. This work finally proposes the most adequate equations that were found for the stiffness and strength characterization of the component 'side walls of RHS in tension/compression' to be applied in a further unified global proposal for the application of the component method to RHS.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.279-290
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• 2004

이 논문은 I-단면 곡선강지보 (curved steel rib)의 등분포 하중 하에서, 비틀림 (warping)을 포함한, 외평면 (out-of-plane)의 안정성을 해석하였다. 미분구적법 (differential quadrature method, DQM)을 이용하여 다양한 경계조건, 굽힘각 (opening angles)과 강성매개변수 (stiffness parameter)에 따른 임계하중 (critical loads) 및 임계하중 매개변수 (dimensionless buckling parameter)를 계산하였고, Differential quadrature method (DQM)의 해석결과를 타 이론과 비교 분석 하였다. 또한 두 경계조건 (고정-고정, 고정-단순지지)하에서의 새로운 결과를 제시하였고, DQM을 이용한 곡선강지보의 좌굴해석은, 비교적 적은 요소 (grid points)를 사용하고도, 타 이론에 의한 해석적 결과에 비해 정확성과 안정성을 보여주었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.655-663
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• 2016

본 연구는 EC-2에서 규정된 포물-직사각형 응력-변형률 곡선에 근거하여 비선형 해석을 수행하여 구해진 철근콘크리트 보의 휨모멘트-평균곡률 관계와 유효단면2차모멘트를 보여주고 있다. 검토된 변수는 콘크리트 강도와 철근비이고, 비선형 해석으로 얻어진 휨모멘트-평균곡률 관계와 유효단면2차모멘트를 현행 KCI 규준과 비교하였다. 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. KCI 규준(Branson 방법)은 원래 $M/M_{cr}$은 2.2에서 4까지이고, $I_{ut}/I_{cr}$은 1.3에서 3.5까지의 범위의 실험 자료에서 근거하여 유도되었으므로 이 범위 내에서는 비선형 해석으로 얻어진 단면2차모멘트가 Branson 방법으로 구한 값과 잘 일치하였다. 그러나 이 범위 밖에서는 두 결과가 크게 차이가 있음을 발견하였다. 특히, 철근비가 작은 보에서 비선형 해석으로 구한 단면2차모멘트가 KCI 규준(Branson 방법)으로 구한 것보다 크게 작아진다. 이 결과는 건물의 슬래브와 같이 철근비가 작은 부재의 처짐이 현행 설계규준에 따라 계산된 처짐보다 훨씬 더 커진다는 의미가 된다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2018

이 연구에서는 원형 개구부가 있는 전단지배 하이브리드 강재 연결보의 내진성능을 평가하기 위해 탑-시트 앵글이 있는 실험체 3개(SCB1, SCB2, SCB3)와 앵글이 없는 실험체 1개 (SCB4) 등 총 4개의 강재 연결보 시스템에 대한 반복가력 실험이 수행되었다. 실험변수는 웨브 개구부의 크기, 즉 전단강도비이다. SCB1, SCB2, SCB3, 그리고 SCB4 실험체의 전단강도비(웨브 개구부 크기)는 0.34(300mm), 0.49(268mm), 0.78(200mm), 그리고 0.34(300mm)이다. 실험결과, 제안된 연결보 시스템은 우수한 변형능력과 강성을 보여주었다. 실험연구를 통해 하이브리드 강재 연결보 시스템에 적용가능한 설계전단강도를 제안하였다. 연결보의 전단강도가 소성전단강도의 50% 이하일 때 핀칭이 완화되는 것으로 나타났으며, 이로 인해 내진 성능이 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 핀칭을 최소화하고, 내진성능을 향상시키기 위해서는 연결보 구조설계 시 연결보의 전단강도를 50% 이상 저감시키는 방안도 고려될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2017

The effects of plaster on the behavior of single-story single-bay masonry-infilled steel frames under in-plane base accelerations have been experimentally investigated by a shake-table. Tested structures were made in a 1/3 scale, with realistic material properties and construction methods. Steel frames with high and low flexural rigidity of beams and columns were considered. Each type of frame was tested with three variants of masonry: (i) non-plastered masonry; (ii) masonry infill with conventional plaster on both sides; and (iii) masonry infill with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) net reinforced plaster on both sides. Masonry bricks were made of lightweight cellular concrete. Each frame was firstly successively exposed to horizontal base accelerations of an artificial accelerogram, and afterwards, to horizontal base accelerations of a real earthquake. Characteristic displacements, strains and cracks in the masonry were established for each applied excitation. It has been concluded that plaster strengthens the infill and prevents damages in it, which results in more favorable behavior and increased bearing capacity of plastered masonry-infilled frames compared to non-plastered masonry-infilled frames. The load-bearing contribution of the adopted PVC net in the plaster was not noticeable for the tested specimens, probably due to relative small cross section area of fibers in the net. Behavior of masonry-infilled steel frames significantly depends on frame stiffness. Strong frames have smaller displacements than weak frames, which reduces deformations and damages of an infill.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.55-77
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• 2012

현대식 Rock TBM공법은 TBM에 의한 굴착과 지반 타입에 따른 능동적인 지보가 어우러진 공법으로 세그먼트를 사용하지 않고 숏크리트, 링빔, 록볼트, 와이어매쉬 등의 지보재에 의해 터널을 지보한다. 현대식 Rock TBM에서 사용되는 링빔은 H-형강을 사용하여 NATM의 강지보재와 유사하나 원형으로 완전히 폐합되어 설치됨에 따라 강지보재보다 더 효과적이다. 따라서 현대식 Rock TBM에서 링빔은 터널의 안정성 향상에 기여하는 바가 크며, 본 연구에서 소개하는 가압형 링빔(pressurized ring beam)은 그 효과를 더욱 향상 시킬 수 있다. 가압형 링빔의 효과를 검증하기 위해 3차원 수치해석을 수행하였으며 그 결과 최소주응력 증가, 과대변위를 발생시키는 소성변형률의 감소, 링빔 설치 후 발생하는 변위인 상대변위감소 그리고 링빔 간격 증가 효과를 확인하였다.