• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.184-196
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• 2011

본 연구는 새우 육을 분리하고 남은 부산물을 주재료로 하여 제조한 데리야끼 소스에서 추출한 향기성분을 이용하여 상품 가치를 극대화하고 특별하고 독특한 맛을 추구하는 소비자들을 만족시키기 위한 소스개발 연구에 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 기존의 데리야끼 소스 제조방법인 장어뼈를 이용한 데리야끼 소스와 새우 부산물 데리야끼소스의 비교에서 주재료는 동일시하고 간장을 다르게 첨가해 제조한 데리야끼 소스의 품질 평가 비교에서는 국내산 M간장으로 제조한 소스가 일본산 G간장을 이용한 소스보다 단맛과 어취가 다소 강하게 나타났으며 짠맛, 쓴맛은 일본산 G간장을 사용한 소스가 더 강하였지만 소스의 표면 광택과 간장 자체에 대한 향과 전체적인 선호도는 국내산 M간장보다 더 높았음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2021

Steaming is a method that has traditionally been used for medicinal plant extraction. This study investigated nitrite oxide production, ferrous ion chelating activity, α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of ethanol, acetone and hot-water extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata prepared by steaming seven times. MTT assay showed that each extract was non-toxic up to a concentration of 700 ㎍/mL confirming that there was no cytotoxicity in all extracts. The α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities exhibited by the hot-water extract obtained from steaming seven times were higher (83.1%) than the other extracts. Higher production of nitrite oxide and better ferrous chelating activity was recorded with hot-water extract compared to ethanol and acetone extracts. These results indicated that more steaming of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts would be required to validate the possibility of developing antioxidants. Also, further study is needed to determine if the components present in the tested extracts might be useful in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. These results showed that hot-water extracts may be useful for their antioxidant and the production inhibitory activity of nitrite oxide. It will be helpful in the investigation of the constituent analysis of the steam-processed product of Codonopsis lanceolata.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권11호
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• pp.4159-4169
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• 2022

Hydrogen mitigation using Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) has been widely accepted methodology inside reactor containment of accident struck Nuclear Power Plants. They reduce hydrogen concentration inside reactor containment by recombining it with oxygen from containment air on catalyst surfaces at ambient temperatures. Exothermic heat of reaction drives the product steam upwards, establishing natural convection around PAR, thus invoking homogenisation inside containment. CFD models resolving individual catalyst plate channels of PAR provide good insight about temperature and hydrogen recombination. But very thin catalyst plates compared to large dimensions of the enclosures involved result in intensive calculations. Hence, empirical correlations specific to PARs being modelled are often used in integral containment studies. In this work, an experimentally validated CFD model of PAR has been employed for developing an empirical correlation for Indian PAR. For this purpose, detailed parametric study involving different gas mixture variables at PAR inlet has been performed. For each case, respective values of gas mixture variables at recombiner outlet have been tabulated. The obtained data matrix has then been processed using regression analysis to obtain a set of correlations between inlet and outlet variables. The empirical correlation thus developed, can be easily plugged into commercially available CFD software.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.153-159
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• 1981

Retort pouch 식품의 가열살균에 관한 연구의 일환으로 軍用(군용) 및 야외휴대용(野外携帶用)으로의 활용이 크게 기대되는 미반(米飯)에 대해 미생물학적으로 안전하면서 품질의 손실을 최소로 할 수 있는 적정 가열살균조건을 수증기 공기 혼합계(系) 가견수냉식(加堅水冷式) 살균장치를 이용하여 검토하였다. 두께 $15{\sim}25mm$인 retort pouch 미반(米飯)에 대해 열처리온도 $110{\sim}120^{\circ}C$범위에서 열침투시험을 행한 결과 수증기비(比) 65%이상에서는 열전달속도는 수증기비(比)의 영향을 받지 않았으며 $j_h$값은 $1.11{\sim}1.17$로 두께에 관계없이 거의 일정한 값을 보였고 $f_t$값은 두께에 따라 증가하여 $12.0{\sim}16.5$분이었다. 미생물학적으로 안전한 retort pouch 미반(米飯)의 살균조건은 장기 저장시험결과 $F_0$6.0이상인 것으로 나타났다. 열처리 공정의 C값 및 살균한 미반(米飯)의 가열변색을 검토한 결과 최적 품질보유가 가능한 온도-시간조건은 시료두께 15mm의 경우 $120^{\circ}C$에서 승온 및 하강시간을 포함한 38분이였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.387-398
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 한식에서 활용도가 높은 간장 소스를 생산할 때 새로운 가공 기술인 과열증기와 초고압 기술을 적용해보고, 저장기간 동안($5^{\circ}C$, 30일) 그 품질의 변화를 비교 하였다. 소스 제조에 앞서 사과, 양파, 마늘을 과열증기로 전처리하였으며, 그 결과 저장기간(0,7일)동안 PPO의 활성이 억제되고 색과 BP의 변화가 거의 없음을 확인하였고, 관능적으로 색, 향, 맛, 질감 및 전체적인 기호도도 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이후 과열증기로 전처리한 재료를 첨가하여 간장소스를 제조하였고 열 또는 초고압을 이용하여 살균처리 하였다. 저장기간(0,7,14,30일) 동안 소스의 품질 특성을 분석한 결과, 살균방법에 따라 염도, 당도, pH에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 색도 측정 시 과열증기로 전처리하지 않은 재료를 첨가한 간장 소스에 비해 과열증기로 전처리한 재료를 첨가한 간장 소스에서 L값이 유의적으로 높았으며, 특히 살균 방법에 따라서는 초고압 처리한 경우 L값이 높게 유지되었다. 일반 세균은 열 또는 초고압 살균 시 저장기간 동안 4 log CFU/g 이하를 유지하고 있었으며, 대장균 과 B. cereus는 모든 군에서 검출되지 않았다. 소스의 점도는 열 또는 초고압 살균한 군에서 저장기간 동안 유지되었으며, 살균하지 않은 군은 점차 감소하였다. 간장 소스를 이용하여 만든 불고기의 관능검사 결과, 과열증기 전처리와 초고압 살균을 병행한 군에서 색, 향, 전체적인 기호도가 유의적으로 높게 평가되었으며, 짠 맛과 단 맛은 처리방법에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 즉, 사과, 양파, 마늘을 과열증기로 전처리한 후 간장 소스를 제조하고, 소스 살균을 위해 비가열 살균 방법인 초고압으로 처리했을 때 냉장 저장 중 품질 특성이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 냉장 유통 간장 소스 제조 시 품질이 유지되고 관능적으로 우수하며, 위생적으로 안전한 소스를 생산하기 위해 과열증기와 초고압 기술이 적용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 1975

Alaska pollack caught in the Northern Pacific Ocean and frozen aboard vessel are skipped to the plant and processed into frozen fillets. In the present paper quality changes during thwaing, refreezing and storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ are discussed. Natural, running-water, vacuum and steam thawing were employed as thawing methods. And contact plate, air blast, immersion in dry ice-alcohol solution freezing and storage at $-5^{\circ}C$ were applied to refreeze the thawed fillets. As quality factors content of drip released, salt-extractable protein, VBN, DNA in the drip and pH were determined. In addition, bacteriological tests were also carried out along with the whole process. In thawing of round material, the vacuum thawing was more effective than any other method, resulting in drip, salt-extractable protein $(N\%)$, VBN and DNA as $4.4\%,\;1.82\%,\;16.21mg\%$ and $13.70\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Storage at $-5^{\circ}C$ as refreezing method yielded lower in drip and DNA content but similar to or slightly higher in both salt-extractable protein and VBN, which might postulate that the quality of the frozen fillet depends not largely on the secondary freezing but on the conditions of thawing and primary freezing. It seemed that most of the bacterial flora in thawed fillet came from skin and viscera of fish, worker's hands, utensils and other processing facilities, since sanitary indicative bacteria were not detected in the frozen flesh of round Alaska pollack. Bacterial quality of fillet varied with thawing methods, vacuum thawing appeared more sanitative compared with other methods as natural, running-water, and steam thawing. Bacterial colonies isolated from the thawed fillet were composed of $73.8\%$ Gram negative rod shape, $4.9\%$ Gram positive rod shape, $18.0\%$ cocci, and $3.3\%$ yeast. Decreasing rate of coliform group of the fillet during the storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 30 days was more than $70\%$ and that of plate count was less than of coliform group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.395-399
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• 1999

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of conditioning a complex (20% whey, 10% lactose, 4% plasma protein, 4% wheat gluten and 2% blood meal) diet on growth performance of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1,180 pigs (average initial BW of 6.4 kg) were fed the experimental diet (1.7% lysine) during a 7-d growth assay. Treatments were a meal control (M), standard (ST), and expander (EX) conditioned mash or pellets. Rate and efficiency of gain were decreased by 39% and 21% (p<0.005) respectively, for pigs fed EX diets compared to those fed the ST diet. In Exp. 2,196 pigs (average initial BW of 6.5 kg) were used to determine the effects of EX operating conditions on nutritional value of a pelleted complex diet. When steam conditioning temperature (prior to expanding) was $54^{\circ}C$, increasing cone pressure of the EX from 0 to 7 to 14 kg/cm2 resulted in linear decreases in rate of gain of weaned pigs (p<0.006), suggesting heat damage of the diet. Increasing conditioning temperature (i.e., adding steam) of the diets from 46 to 54 to $63^{\circ}C$ (cone pressure at $12kg/cm^2$) resulted in improved rate of gain (p<0.04) of the pigs. However, none of the pigs fed expanded diets compared favorably to the pigs fed the conditioned $(54^{\circ}C)$ pellets processed with no cone pressure. In Exp. 3,168 pigs (average initial BW of 6.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of expanding the various components of the diet. Treatments were M and ST pellets as controls, EX-corn, EX-corn soybean-meal, EX corn-soybean meal-oil, and EX-complete diet. Efficiency of gain was increased by 13% with EX portions of the diet compared to the mash control, but there was a marked decrease in performance when the complete diet was expanded (p<0.001). Expanded corn-soybean meal-oil supported the greatest ADG with a 19% increase compared to the average of the EX corn and EX corn-soybean meal treatments (p<0.005). In conclusion, our results suggest no benefit from expanding complete phase-I diets.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2001

Authors investigated neuronal changes of local cellular metabolism in the cerebral lesions of Parkinsonian symptomatic side between before and after stereotactic neurosurgery by follow-up 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (n = 15) and age-matched normal controls (n = 15) underwen MRS examinations using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) pulse sequence that provided 2${\times}$2${\times}$2 ㎤ (8ml) volume of interest in the regions of substantia nigra, thalamus, and lentiform nucleus. Spectral parameters were 20 ms TE, 2000 ms TR, 128 averages,2500 Hz spectral width, and 2048 data points. Raw data were processed by the SAGE data analysis package (GE Medical Systems). Peak areas of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), inositols (Ins), and the sum (Glx) of glutamate and GABA were calculated by means of fitting the spectrum to a summation of Lorentzian curves using Marquardt algorithm. After blindly processed, we evaluated neuronal alterations of observable metabolite ratios between before and after stereotactic neurosurgery using Pearson product-moment analysis (SPSS, Ver. 6.0). A significant reduction of NAA/Cho ratio was observed in the cerebral lesion in substantia nigra of PD patient related to the symptomatic side after neurosurgery (P : 0.03). In thalamus, NAA/Cho ratio was also significantly decreased in the cerebral lesion including the electrode-surgical region (P : 0.03). A significant reduction of NAA/Cho ratio in lentiform nucleus was not oberved, but tended toward significant reduction after neurosurgery (P = 0.08). In particular, remarkable lactate signal was noted from the surgical thalamic lesions of 6 among 8 patients and internal segments of globus pallidus of 6 among 7 patients, respectively. Significant metabolic alterations of NAA/Cho ratio might reflect functional changes of neuropathological processes in the lesion of substantia nigra, thalamus, and lentiform nucleus, and could be a valuable finding fur evaluation of Parkinson's disease after neurosurgery. Increase of lactate signals, being remarkable in surgical lesions, could be consistent with a common consequence of neurosurgical necrosis. Thus, IH MRS could be a useful modality to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic implications fur Parkinsons disease after functional neurosurgery.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2011

Feedlot and in vitro ruminal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of saponin-containing surfactant applied during tempering of barley grain on cattle growth performance and on ruminal fermentation. In the feedlot experiment, treatments with three barley grain/barley silage based diets were prepared using barley grain at 7.7% moisture (dry, D), after tempering to 18% moisture (M), or after tempering with a saponin-based surfactant included at 60 ml/t (MS). Each treatment was rolled at settings determined previously to yield optimally processed barley. A total of 180 newly weaned British${\times}$Charolais steers were fed three diets in 18 pens for a 63-d backgrounding period and 91-d finishing period to determine feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to measure the carcass characteristics. Tempering reduced (p<0.001) volume weight and processing index, but processing characteristics were similar between MS and M. Tempering increased (p<0.05) growth during backgrounding only, compared with D, but did not affect feed intake in either phase. During backgrounding, feed efficiency was improved with tempering, but during finishing and overall this response was only observed with the surfactant. Tempering did not affect carcass weight, fat content or meat yield. Surfactant doubled the proportion of carcasses grading AAA. In the in vitro experiment, barley (500 mg; ground to <1.0 mm or steam-rolled) was incubated in buffered ruminal fluid (40 ml) without or with surfactant up to 20 ${\mu}l/g$ DM substrate for 24 h. Surfactant increased (p<0.05) apparent DM disappearance and starch digestibility but reduced productions of gas and the volatile fatty acid and acetate:propionate ratio, irrespective of barley particle size. Compared with feeding diets prepared with non-tempered barley, tempering with surfactant increased the feed efficiency of feedlot steers. This may have arisen from alteration in processing characteristics of barley grain by surfactant rather than its direct effect on rumen microbial fermentation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important causative roles in various pathological conditions. Black ginseng (BG), a type of steam-processed ginseng, has drawn significant attention due to its biological activity, and is more potent than white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG). Methods: We evaluated the protective effects of BG extract (BGE) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, in comparison with WG extract (WGE) and RG extract (RGE) in a cell culture model. Ethanolic extracts of WG, RG, and BG were used to evaluate ginsenoside profiles, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Using AML-12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$, the protective effects of WGE, RGE, and BGE on cellular redox status, DNA, protein, lipid damage, and apoptosis levels were investigated. Results: BGE exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant potential, as well as total flavonoid and polyphenol contents. ATP levels were significantly higher in BGE-treated cells than in control; ROS generation and glutathione disulfide levels were lower but glutathione (GSH) and NADPH levels were higher in BGE-treated cells than in other groups. Pretreatment with BGE inhibited apoptosis and therefore protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, probably through ROS scavenging. Conclusion: Collectively, our results demonstrate that BGE protects AML-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damages more effectively than WGE or RGE, through ROS scavenging, maintenance of redox status, and activation of the antioxidant defense system.