• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.6 s.208
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• pp.61-79
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the leading causes of choosing to be single through in-depth interview. In the study I applied Hermeneutic Phenology to clarify the relationship between the past experiences and values of the subjects. I analyzed the leading causes that have drawn them to stay single, and the gender differences on the two subjects. The causes of being single were divided into two categories; personal factors and socio-environmental factors. The personal factors were standard value by birth order, expectation from parents, overcoming economic difficulty, and lack of interest toward the opposite sex. The socio-environmental factors were achievement at work, and ease of living. Staving single is not a special way of life. As found in the study, the cause of being single is not determined at birth, but rather results from being raised to be single in a way. The main cause of being single was basically based on the environment in which they were raised including parents' attitudes, economic situation, and sibling order We are living in a society of diversity. Being and staying single is a personal choice, that is one aspect of diversity. Therefore we need to widen our vision to accept the single life as one of the normal life styles and one for special treatment. We have to approve of other people's life styles as long as of causes no harm for the development of society. On the other hand, we need to be more serious about the family itself and having family. Finally I think we need to develop various family programs targeted at a diverse range of families rather than only at the normal family.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 1999

Objectives: This study describes the risk factors affecting the unexpected readmission of 261 patients who were discharged from a university hospital in Seoul. Methods: This case-control study reviewed medical records of inpatients who had been discharged from a hospital between 1 August 1995 and 31 October 1995 after the treatment for general diseases. The cases were 68 patients who were readmitted unexpectedly within 28 days of discharge from an index stay, and the controls were 193 Patients who were discharged without readmission during the study period. Results: Logistic regression analysis results were as follows; Patients who had no operation during their hospital stay were more likely to be readmitted unexpectedly than patients who had operation. Patients who had 1 or 2 parts of their body being involved in treatment were more likely to be readmitted unexpectedly than patients who hand more than 3 parts of their body being involved in treatment. Patients who had complications after surgery were more likely to be readmitted unexpectedly than patients who had no complications. Insufficient discharge planning caused unexpected readmissions. Conclusions: Discharge planning education should be extended to health care providers. And the assessment of discharge planning should be evaluated. Readmission is often necessary for the treatment of related problems of originating from initial hospitalization, which causes cost problems. Unexpected readmission is preventable and the models for readmission can serve as a valuable clinical tool for high risk patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2006

Purpose: To identify the relationship between medication use and falls among hospitalized stroke patients. Method: The medical records of 472 patients with strokes were reviewed using a questionnaire on falling developed by the authors. Frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test, multiple logistic regression analysis were done using the SAS program. Results: The rate for falls by the patients during their stay in the hospital was 14.0%. The length of stay was longer and the morbidity duration of stroke shorter in the fall group than in the non-fall group. The use of sedatives, laxatives, and antidepressants was a significant predictor of falls and was associated with increase likelihood of falling(1.82, 1.81, 1.75 times respectively). Conclusion: In hospitalized stroke patients, there was a significant association between the use of sedatives, laxatives, antidepressants and falls. The number and kinds of ingested drugs was also associated with falls. It is necessary to further analyze the causes of falls based on results of the present study.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2011

This study is processing to analyze the causes and to suggest the solution about extension of closed schools which comes from urban decay in the city. The meaning of this report is based on the purpose to help the substantial application of the equipments of closed schools. This is used by groping the composite application scheme for improving the values of recycling facilities of closed schools which is according to abolition and amalgamation. To complete the purpose of this report, many documents, records and corroborative evidences were used to process this study. We suggest the program that is available to invest space. That is analyzed the environment and the social application that the building has is proper or not.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

One of the major current challenges to nuclear energy lies in its competitiveness. To stay competitive the industry needs to reduce maintenance and fuel cycle costs, while enhancing safety features. Extended burnup is one of the methods applied to meet these objectives However, there are a number of potential fuel failure causes related to increased burnup, as follows: l) Corrosion of zirconium alloy cladding and the water chemistry parameters that enhance corrosion; 2) Dimensional changes of zirconium alloy components, 3) Stresses that challenge zirconium alloy ductility and the effect of hydrogen (H) pickup and redistribution as it affects ductility, 4) Fuel rod internal pressure, 5) Pellet-cladding interactions (PCI) and 6) pellet-cladding mechanical interactions (PCMI). This paper discusses current and potential failure mechanisms of these failure mechanisms.

• Journal of Neurocritical Care
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2018

Background: Hypoglycemia is uncommon in people without diabetes. There have been only a few reports of cardiac arrest in conjunction with hypoglycemia in non-diabetic patients. Case Report: A 66-year-old man visited the emergency room with dizziness. He was a chronic alcoholic. Laboratory test showed no evidence of diabetes mellitus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left cerebellar infarction. Abdomen computed tomography demonstrated liver cirrhosis with minimal ascites. During his hospital stay, he consumed only a small amount of food because of nausea and headache. On hospital day 4, he had a cardiac arrest after two seizure episodes. His blood glucose was 10 mg/dL. The combination of liver cirrhosis, renal failure and poor oral intake was presumed to be the causes of the severe hypoglycemia. Conclusion: We report a rare case of cardiac arrest occurring in conjunction with severe hypoglycemia in a non-diabetic patient with cerebral infarction.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

Background: Blunt thoracic trauma in children has a high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we assessed the significance of the injury pattern, mechanism and initial status in emergency department on severity and prognosis in pediatric blunt thoracic trauma patients. Method: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and chest X-ray and CT images of 111 pediatric blunt thoracic trauma patients from October 2000 to June 2005. Data recorded age, gender, season, injury mechanism, injury pattern, associated injury, length of hospital stay and cause of death. Result: Of all 111 patients, 68 patients were injured by motor vehicle accidents, 30 were falls, 5 were motorcycle accidents, 3 were sports accidents and 5 were miscellaneous. In thoracic trauma, single injury of lung contusion were 35 patients and 32 patients had multiple thoracic injuries. Hospital stay in school age group were longer than preschool age group. The causes of death were brain injury in 9, respiratory distress in 4, and hypovolemic shock in 2 patients. Emergently transfused and mechanically ventilated patients had higher mortality rates than other patients. Patients required emergency operation and patients with multiple thoracic injuries had higher mortality rates. Conclusion: In this study, patients with combined injury, emergency transfusion, mechanical ventilation, emergency operation, multiple injuries in chest X-ray had higher mortality rates. Therefore in these pediatric blunt thoracic trauma patients, accurate initial diagnosis and proper management is required.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.188-196
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• 2010

The Commercial space are changed gradually large scalized and complexed to introduce different culture exchanges and experience. However, the mass-complex commercial space are limited as of their complexed space composition or degree of space depth, which may become factors causing people to get tired easily. Thus, having a design strategy is important to create economical effectiveness in order to overcome these limitations and for the people to stay longer and do their consumption activities through more experiences and social interchanges. Recently, Jerde Partnership's who designed many complex commercial spaces made a commercial success by their unique design strategy to setup a new space and lead the interaction between space and people. The purpose of this study is based on Jerd's design concept to analyze Jerd Partnership's design strategy and space related structure to propose their space construction and design method for mass-complex commercial spaces. The results are as follows. (1)Jerde Partnership's causes the abundant space experience of the user through mass and space constitution to have a theme and a story. (2)They builds an excursion type line of flow system with an organic curve, and a non-daily experience by the change of the space scale and the application of various programs is enabled and guides the stay for the long time. (3)They builds the doorway of various courses and a circulation system through the open space and controls depth of the space. In addition, various events are performed in the center of such a circulation system, and this event makes a unique place.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.56-71
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• 1996

Background : Review of readmissions in health care facilities is necessary from the viewpoint of both economic concerns and quality considerations. To identify the characteristics, factors, and causes of multiple admissions in comparison with single admissions is essential for both providers and payers in order to assure quality care and efficient use of medical resources. Methods: All discharges from an university hospital in 1993 were analyzed, and the characteristics of multiple admissions were identified and were compared with those of single admissions by using the data bases of the discharge abstract and billing for reimbursement. Medical records of patients readmitted within 6 days after the previous discharge were reviewed to identify the reasons for such prompt readmission. Statistical analysis between groups of patients were performed by using SPSS. Result : The mean age was higher in multiple admissions than those of single admissions, and the average length of stay was longer in multiple admissions than in single admissions. The hospital cost per day is higher in single admissions while the cost per case is higher in multiple admissions. More than half of readmissions occurred within one month after the preceding discharges. Above 15% of the readmission within 6 days after the preceding discharges seemed to have close relationship with quality of care provided during the preceding hospitalization. The death rate of the patients readmitted within 6 days was the highest in comparison with multiple admissions and single admissions. Conclusion : Potential preventable readmissions should be reduced by identifying characteristics of multiple admissions, especially unplanned readmission, and by applying some interventions such as standard predischarge assessment or careful follow-up care after discharge for high risk readmission groups. As the results of these efforts, health care facilities could achieve quality improvement in medical care, and effective use of hospital resources.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.304-307
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• 2013

Food bolus impaction is the most common cause of esophageal foreign body obstruction in adults. Other causes include intentional ingestion in psychiatric patients or prison inmates. We experienced successful treatment of a patient with intentional ingestion of multiple sharp foreign bodies(25 cutter and razor fragments). A 47-year-old male patient who was suffering from chronic alcoholism was admitted, via the emergency room, with dysphagia and neck pain. He was suffering from alcoholic liver cirrhosis and psychiatric problems, such as chronic alcoholism, anxiety disorder and insomnia. The patient had intended to leave the hospital after having swallowed the sharp objects. Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scan showed multiple, scattered metal fragments in the esophagus, stomach, and small bowel. We performed emergent endoscopy and successfully removed one impacted blade in the upper esophagus using by a snare with an overtube. The rest of the fragments had already passed through the pylorus, so we could not find them with endoscopy. We checked the patient with simple abdominal radiographs and careful physical examinations every day. All remaining fragments were uneventfully excreted through stool during the patient's 6 day hospital stay. Finally, we were able to confirm the presence of the objects in the stool, and radiographs were negative. The patient was discharged without complications after 14 days hospital stay and then was followed by the Department of Psychiatry.