• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.415-424
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• 2009

As one of the unsupervised learning neural network methods, self-organizing maps(SOM) are applied to various fields. It reduces the dimension of multidimensional data by representing observations on the low dimensional manifold. On the other hand, the minimal spanning tree(MST) of a graph that achieves the most economic subset of edges connecting all components by a single open loop. In this study, we apply the MST technique to SOM with subnodes. We propose SOM's with embedded MST and a distance measure for optimum choice of the size and shape of the map. We demonstrate the method with Fisher's Iris data and a real gene expression data. Simulated data sets are also analyzed to check the validity of the proposed method.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1907-1914
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• 2010

A novel catalytic kinetic method is proposed for the determination of Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in water based on the catalytic effect of Se(IV) on the reduction of bromate by p-nitrophenylhydrazine at pH 3.0. The generated bromine, $Br_2$ or $Cl_2$ plus $Br_2$ in 0.1 M NaCl (or NaBr) environment efficiently decolorized Calmagite and the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 523 nm as a function of time. In this indicator reaction, bromide acted as an activator for the catalysis of selenium (IV) and a reducing agent for selenium (VI) at pH 3.0, which allowed the determination of total selenium. The fixed time method was adopted for the determination and speciation of inorganic selenium. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph are linear in the range 1 - 35 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ of Se(IV) for the fixed time method at $25^{\circ}C$. The detection limit based on statistical $3S_{blank}$/m-criterion was 0.215 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ for the fixed time method (7 min). All of the variables that affect the sensitivity at 523 nm were investigated, and the optimum conditions were established. The interference effect of various cations and anions on the Se (IV) determination was also studied. The selectivity of the selenium determination was greatly improved with the use of the strongly cation exchange resin such as Amberlite IR120 plus. The proposed kinetic method was validated statistically and through recovery studies in natural water samples. The RSDs for ten replicate measurements of 5, 15 and 25 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ of Se(IV) and Se(VI) was changed between 2.1 - 4.85%. Analyses of a certified standard reference material (NIST SRM 1643e) for selenium using the fixed-time method showed that the proposed kinetic method has good accuracy. Se(IV), Se(VI) and total inorganic selenium in environmental water samples have been successfully determined by this method after selective reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.26-31
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to measure the induced voltage of the downscaled and simulated overhead ground wire of a 22.9kV-Y distribution line. This study performed a test of the downscaled and simulated distribution line according to whether it is grounded or not and the value of the ground resistance. In order to verify the reliability of the data measured by the test, the data was analyzed using the Minitab 17 program. It was found that the induced voltage of the downscaled and simulated distribution line is influenced by the value of the ground resistance. It was also found that the ground resistance obtained at a certain point is closely related to whether electric poles are grounded or not. The analysis results of the measured test data with a statistical method showed that the Anderson Darling (AD) was analyzed to be the smallest as 0.188 when the ground resistance of the electric poles had been maintained at $10{\Omega}$. In addition, the P value analyzed to be 0.894 which is in the proximity of the theoretical value of 1 and verified the reliability of the test data. It could be seen that the data measured by the downscaled simulation test forms a linear graph. It is thought that if a distribution line is installed in the same manner as the downscaled, simulated distribution line, the mean induced voltage will be reduced and reliability will be increased.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2017

Background: Despite the widespread use of dexamethasone in veterinary and human medicine, it is reported to cause some severe pregnancy related side effects like abortion in some animals. The mechanism of the response is not clear but seems to be related to interspecies and/or breed difference in response which may involve alterations in the concentrations of some reproductive hormones. Methods: Twenty Sahel goats comprising 18 does and 2 bucks were used for this study. Pregnancies were achieved by natural mating after synchronization. Repeated dexamethasone injections were given at 0.25 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected biweekly for hormonal assay. Uterine biopsies were harvested at days 28 and day 78 of gestation through caesarean section for immunohistochemical analysis using 3 pregnant does randomly selected from each group at each instant. Data were expressed as Means ${\pm}$ Standard Deviations and analyzed using statistical soft ware package, GraphPad Instant, version 3.0 (2003) and progesterone receptor (PR) were scored semi-quantitatively. Results: Dexamethasone treatments had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on progesterone and estrogen concentrations in pregnant Sahel goats but up regulated PR from 2+ to 3+ in second trimester. Conclusion: As dexamethasone adverse effect on placenta is an established fact, the lack of effect on progesterone level in this study may be due to the fact that unlike other species whose progesterone production during pregnancy is placenta - dependent, in goats is corpus luteum - dependent. Consequently dexamethasone adverse effect on placenta reported in literatures did not influence progesterone levels during pregnancy in Sahel goat. The up regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) in Sahel goat gravid uterus is a beneficial effects and that dexamethasone can safely be used in corpus luteum - dependent progesterone secreting pregnant animal species like Sahel goat and camel. Therefore source of progesterone secretions during pregnancy should be considered in clinical application of dexamethasone in pregnancy.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

While the circulation of images become active, various requirements to manage increasing database are raised. The content-based technology is one of methods to satisfy these requirements. The image is represented by feature vectors extracted by various methods in the content-based technology. The global feature method insures fast matching speed because the feature vector extracted by the global feature method is formed into a standard shape. The global feature extraction methods are classified into two categories, the spatial feature extraction and statistical feature extraction. And each group is divided by what kind of information is used, color feature or gray scale feature. In this paper, we introduce various global feature extraction technologies and compare their performance by accuracy, recall-precision graph, ANMRR, feature vector size and matching time. According to the experiments, the spatial features show good performance in non-geometrical modifications, and the extraction technologies that use color and histogram feature show the best performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2012

One of the primary purposes of tugs is for the towing of other ships in salvage operations. In order to conduct such a task safely, the tug should be capable of generating the appropriate towing forces. Therefore the prediction of resistance against a towed ship during towing operation is a very important and essential procedure. This paper studies the ship resistance calculation program to predict towing force. The calculation program consists of the functions that calculate basic hull resistance in calm water, added resistance due to wind, drifting, hull roughness, waves, shallow water and currents. All predictions are calculated by statistical and empirical methods by graph or formula. The calculation results made by this program are compared with the results from the U.S. Navy's Towing Manual. These results confirm that this computer program is quite capable of appropriately predicting the resistance of damaged ships.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.174-185
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• 2010

Objective : In period of convalescence and aftereffect, facial palsy patients suffer from social and psychological problems, besides experiencing physical inconvenience. So Quality of life is important Evaluation in treatment or facial palsy. Nevertheless the aims of recent study were only trying to explain about objective symptoms. Therefore, Oriental-Western Medicine was performed, effectiveness of treatment were measured in Quality of life. Methods : Acute facial palsy patients who visiting whin 5days completed questionnaire about Quality of life, if he(or she) participated voluntarily. Questionnaire are comprised of general characteristics, Facial Disability Index(FDI), WHOQOL-BREF, VAS and House-Brackmann grade. Questionnaire used two times, the first medical examination and 4weeks later after starting Oriental-Western Medicine. The statistical analysis was performed by GraphPad Prism 4.0. T-test was used to verify effectiveness between the two groups. Results : 1. When we compared the first medical examination with 4weeks later, score of FDI-Physical function and FDI-Social/Well-bieng function increased but they were not valid statistically. 2. When we compared the first medical examination with 4weeks later, in WHOQOL-Brefoverall domain and physical domain, score increased. In WHOQOL-Bref-psychological, Social, Environment domain, score decreased. but, they were not valid statistically. 3. VAS, House-Brackmann grade decreased, but, they were not valid statistically. Conclusion : The number of subjects with facial palsy in our study(N=5) was too small, and the period of study(4 weeks) was short, too. For this reason, our data were not valid statistically. But Facial palsy Patient's Quality of life has risen.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.637-644
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics of water quality factor scientifically and develop the multiple regression model predicting dissolved oxygen to save periodic replacement costs for dissolved oxygen sensor. Correlation analysis using the environmental data obtained from 2 different land-based fish farms of the Geogeum-do, Geheung-gun coastal area during the periods from November 2008 to January 2009 shows that water temperature was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen and pH butpH was positively correlated with salinity and dissolved oxygen. The information of Keumho fish farm in 2009 is presented by the tables which are monthly statistics of water quality factors and seasonable difference by the Duncan's post-test. Also we developed multiple regression model predicting dissolved oxygen, the usefulness of which was verified by the comparison graph between estimates and actual observations. The developed regression model shows that seawater temperature and salinity give negative affect to dissolved oxygen while pH gives positive affect to it. Lastly the seawater temperature has much higher explanatory power than pH factor.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2016

Control chart is representative tools of statistical process control (SPC). It is a graph that plotting the characteristic values from the process. It has two steps (or Phase). First step is a procedure for finding a process parameters. It is called Phase I. This step is to find the process parameters by using data obtained from in-controlled process. It is a step that the standard value was not determined. Another step is monitoring process by already known process parameters from Phase I. It is called Phase II. These control chart is the process quality characteristic value for management, which is plotted dot whether the existence within the control limit or not. But, this is not given information about the economic loss that occurs when a product characteristic value does not match the target value. In order to meet the customer needs, company not only consider stability of the process variation but also produce the product that is meet the target value. Taguchi's quadratic loss function is include information about economic loss that occurred by the mismatch the target value. However, Taguchi's quadratic loss function is very simple quadratic curve. It is difficult to realistically reflect the increased amount of loss that due to a deviation from the target value. Also, it can be well explained by only on condition that the normal process. Spiring proposed an alternative loss function that called reflected normal loss function (RNLF). In this paper, we design a new control chart for overcome these disadvantage by using the Spiring's RNLF. And we demonstrate effectiveness of new control chart by comparing its average run length (ARL) with ${\bar{x}}-R$ control chart and expected loss control chart (ELCC).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.979-984
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• 2015

Breast cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally but has an even more significant impact in developing countries. Pakistan has the highest prevalence among Asian countries. A general lack of public awareness regarding the disease often results in late diagnosis and poor treatment outcomes. The literacy rate of the Southern Punjab (Pakistan) is low compared to its Northern part. It is therefore vital that university students and especially medical students develop a sound knowledge about the disease so that they can spread awareness to others who may be less educated. This study therefore considers current knowledge and understanding about the early signs of breast cancer amongst a study group of medical and non-medical university students of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. A cross-sectional descriptive analysis of the university students was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire to assess their awareness of breast cancer from March to May 2014. A total of 566 students participated in this study, out of which 326 were non-medical and 240 were from a medical discipline. Statistical analysis was carried out using Graph Pad Prism Version 5 with a significance level set at p<0.05. The mean age of the non medical and medical participants was 23 (SD 2.1) and 22 (SD 1.3) years, respectively. Less than 35% students were aware of the early warning signs of the breast cancer development. Knowledge of medical students about risk factors was significantly better than the non medical ones, but on the whole was insufficient. Our study indicated that knowledge regarding breast cancer was generally insufficient amongst the majority of the university students (75% non-medical and 55% medical) of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. This study highlights the need to formulate an awareness campaign and to organize conferences to promote breast cancer awareness among students in this region.