• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

Teflon-like fluorocarbon thin film was deposited on various substrates by vapor deposition using PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid). The fluorocarbon films were characterized by static/dynamic contact angle analysis, VASE (Variable-angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry) and AFM/LFM (Atomic/Lateral Force Microscopy). Based on Lewis Acid/Base theory, the surface energy ($S_{E}$) of the films was calculated by the static contact angle measurement. The work of adhesion (WA) between de-ionized water and substrates was calculated by using the static contact data. The fluorocarbon films showed very similar values of the surface energy and work of adhesion to Teflon. All films showed larger hysteresis than that of Teflon. The roughness and relative friction force of films were measured by AFM and LFM. Even though the small reduction of surface roughness was found on film on $SiO_2$surface, the large reduction of relative friction farce was observed on all films. Especially the relative friction force on TEOS was decreased a quarter after film deposition. LFM images showed the formation of "strand-like"spheres on films that might be the reason far the large contact angle hysteresis.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.189-197
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• 2003

The problem of designing a parallel feedforward compensator (PFC) is considered for a class of non-square linear systems such that the closed-loop system is strictly passive. If a given square system has (vector) relative degree one and is weakly minimum phase, the system can be rendered passive by a state feedback. However, when the system states are not always measurable and the given output is considered, passivation (i.e. rendering passive) of a non-minimum phase system or a system with high relative degree cannot be achieved by any other methodologies except by using a PFC. To passivate a non-square system we first determine a squaring gain matrix and design a PFC such that the composite system has relative degree one and is minimum phase. Then the system is rendered strictly passvie by a static output feedback law. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the PFC and the squaring gain matrix are given by the static output feedback formulation, which enables to utilize linear matrix inequality (LMI). As an application of the scheme, an alternative way of replacing the role of velocity measurements is provided for the PD-control law of a convey-crane system.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.93-99
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• 2011

Purpose : In order to investigate the effects of balance training on patients with degenerative arthritis. Methods : 30 participants aged 60 or older participated in balance training for an 8-week period. The effects of the balance training were measured by the visual analog scale(VAS) and static and dynamic balancing. The following are the results of the study. Results : There were no statistically significant differences in measurements of pain when control group participants were at rest and while walking as measured by VAS, but there were statistically significant reductions for the experiment group. Within the control group, there were no statistically significant differences between pretest and posttest results for opened and closed-eye static balance index and visual dynamic balance index. However, within the experiment group, there were statistically significant differences between pretest and posttest results for opened and closed-eye static and dynamic balance indices. Conclusion : The results above provide evidence that balance training effects pain and balance of patients with osteoarthritis and aids in functional movement.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.5-12
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• 2021

The reliable seismic stability evaluation of the natural slopes and geotechnical structures has become a critical factor of the design. Pseudo-static or permanent displacement methods are typically employed to evaluate the seismic slope performance. In both methods, the effect of input ground motion on the sliding surface is ignored, and failure surface from the limit equilibrium method is used. For the assessment of the seismic sensitivity of failure surface, two-dimensional non-linear finite element analyses are performed. The performance of the finite element model was validated against centrifuge measurements. A parametric study with a range of input ground motion was performed, and numerical results were used to assess the influence of ground motion characteristics on the sliding surface. Based on the results, it is demonstrated that the characteristics of input ground motion have a significant influence on the location of the seismically induce failure surface. In addition to dynamic analysis, pseudo-static analyses were performed to evaluate the discrepancy. It is observed that sliding surfaces developed from pseudo-static and dynamic analyses are different. The location of the failure surface change with the amplitude and T_m of motion. Therefore, it is recommended to determine failure surfaces from dynamic analysis

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.46-53
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• 1992

Finger movements in the sagittal plane mainly consist of flexion and extension about the metacarpophalangeal(MCP) and proximal interphalangeal(PIP) joints. A kinematic finger model was developed with the assumption of constant tendon moment arms. Equations of static equilibrium were derived for the finger model using the principle of virtual work. Equations of static equilibrium for the finger model were indeterminate since only three equations were available for five unknown variables(forces). The number of variables was reduced based on information on muscular activities in finger movements. Then the amounts of forces which muscles exerted to maintain static equilibrium against external loads were computed from the equilibrium equations. The muscular forces were expressed mathematically as functions of finger positions, tendon moment arms, lengths of phalanges, and the magnitude and direction of external load. The external finger strength were computed using the equations of muscular forces and anatomical data. Experiments were performed to measure finger strengths. Measurements were taken in combinations of four finger positions and four directions of force exertions. Validation of the finger models and of procedure to estimate finger strengths was done by comparing the results of computations and experiments. Significang differences were found between the predicted and measured finger strengths. However, the trends of finger strengths with respect to finger positions were similar inboth the predicted and measured. These findings indicate that the finger model and the procedure to predict finger strengths were correctly developed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.288-296
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine whether mechanical horseback-riding training depending on velocity can improve vestibular function and static postural balance on standing in healthy adults. Methods: For evaluation of vestibular function, electrooculography (EOG) of vertical and horizontal was performed for identification of the motion of eyes. For evaluation of static postural balance, COP distance, time spent on the sharpened Romberg test with neck extension (SRNE) were measured. Measurements were performed three times before training, three weeks after training, and six weeks after training. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: fast velocity-mechanical horse -riding training (FV-MHRT, n=12), moderate velocity-mechanical horse-riding training (MV-MHRT, n=12), and slow velocity-mechanical horse-riding training (SV-MHRT, n=12). Results: According to the result for vertical, horizontal EOG, there was significant interaction in each group in accordance with the experiment time (p<0.05). The FV-MHRT group showed a significant decrease compared with the MV- MHRT, SV-MHRT groups (p<0.05). According to the result for static postural balance, the time spent, COP distance in SRNE showed significant interaction in each group in accordance with the experiment time (p<0.05). The time spent on the SRNE showed a significant increas in FV-MHRT, SV-MHRT (p<0.05). The COP distance of SRNE showed a significant increase in MV-MHRT (p<0.05). Conclusion: The MHRT velocity activated mechanism of vestibular spinal reflex (VSR), vestibular ocular reflex (VOR), also helped to strengthen vestibular function and static postural balance. In addition, it should be applied to different velocity of MHRT according to the specific purpose.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2020

Background: Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the sports population or during usual daily life activities. The sprain can cause functional ankle instability (FAI), and it is very important to treat FAI. However, the optimum intervention method for FAI has yet to be determined. Objects: This study investigated the impact that virtual reality (VR) training program on balance with ankle kinesio taping for FAI. Methods: Twenty-two people were selected for the study and randomly divided into the experimental (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). The experimental group had attached kinesio taping on the ankle and then implemented a virtual reality exercise program for 30 minutes a day. Nintendo Wii Fit Plus was used for the VR intervention three times a week for four weeks. The control group performed only two measurements without intervention. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall, anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML) index of the static balance, and significant differences in overall, AP, ML index of the dynamic balance when taping and VR exercise were applied at the same time (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in overall and ML index of static and dynamic balance compared with before and after assessment between the experimental and the control group, and found differences in AP index of static and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesio taping may not influence the balance of FAI as great as people expected. VR approach does not affect the static balance of FAI, but it influences dynamic balance in overall, AP, ML index. The authors suggest that VR-based exercises can be used as an additional concept in clinicians for FAI or as part of a home program because the exercises still have limitations.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.141-147
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• 2015

Gas foil thrust bearings (GFTBs) have attractive advantages over rolling element bearings and oil film thrust bearings, such as oil-free operation, high speed stability, and high-temperature operation. However, GFTBs have lower load carrying capacity than the other two types of bearings owing to the inherent low gas viscosity. The load carrying capacity of GFTBs depends mainly on the compliance of the foil structure and the formed hydrodynamic wedge, where the gas pressure field is generated between the top foil and the thrust runner. The load carrying capacity of the GFTBs is very important for the suitable design of oil-free turbomachinery with high performance. The aim of the present study is to identify the characteristics of the load carrying performance of GFTBs. A new test rig for the experimental measurements is designed to provide static loads up to 800 N using a pneumatic cylinder. The maximum operating speed of the driving motor is 30,000 rpm. A series of experimental tests—lift-off test, static load performance test, and maximum load capacity test—estimate the performance of a six-pad GFTB, in terms of the static load, driving torque, and temperature. The maximum load capacity is determined by increasing the static load until the driving torque rises suddenly with a sharp peak. The test results show that the torque and temperature increase linearly with the static load. The estimated maximum load capacity per unit area is approximately 80.5 kPa at a rotor speed of 25,000 rpm. The test results can be used as a design guideline for GFTBs for realizing oil-free turbomachinery.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1473-1480
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• 2008

Bisumus has a low melting point, making it easier to handle. This allows us to test what type of effect diamagnetism has on electro static and magnetic field shields. However, the actual materials for experimentation have only ever been manufactured cylindrically, and so there have been no recorded cases of measurements to this effect. To understand what kind of effect pure bisumus as diamagnetism has on electro static and magnetic shields in comparison to other materials, bisumus, along with copper, aluminum and iron 스텐도, were used to make a cylinder each. These cylinders were then used to measure and compare the electro static shield and magnetic shield at different bands of frequencies, starting from a low frequency. As shown on the graph/chart/diagram, the best results were recorded for copper and bisumus as diamagnetism in an electro static field. In terms of magnetic shielding, iron provided the best results, as expected, whereas bisumus displayed minimal effect.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.283-291
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trunk stability training on static balance and game records among archers. Methods: The subjects comprised 24 voluntary archers in middle and high school (aged 14-19 years). All the subjects received trunk stability training for an hour per day 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The Tetrax balance system was used to measure the stability index of the subjects' static balance. The subjects' game records were scored using a single FITA round system. All the subjects were measured before the intervention, 2 weeks into the intervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention, with a follow-up measurement 2 weeks later. Results: The results of this study showed that the stability index was significantly different across all the measuring positions after the intervention (p<0.05). Furthermore, the results of the measurements of the standing position with eyes open and closed were significantly different before the intervention compared to 4 weeks after the intervention (p<0.05). The archery position with the head turned to the left and eyes closed was also significantly different pre-intervention compared to 2 weeks after the start of the intervention (p<0.05). Additionally, the archery records were significantly different after the intervention (p<0.05), as well as before the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusion: Trunk stability training can improve static balance in archers. It may also be helpful in improving athletic performance and maintaining the life of the athlete. Accordingly, trunk stability training may prevent and resolve injuries through careful management when playing one-side sports.