• 분석과 대안
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5-37
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• 2020

In the 2000s, financial exclusion of low-income people emerged as a major social problem in South Korea. Microcredit business was first introduced by NGOs to help the poor overcome poverty while the Korean government soon chose to initiate microcredit policies to assist financially marginalized low-income people as a key policy measure to alleviate social inequality and revitalize economy. Unlike the initial expectation that state intervention in microcredit industry would be more effective, the outcome has been much less impressive. This paper aims to examine the poor performance of state-led microcredit in South Korea during the period of Lee Myung-bak administration by employing the concepts of state autonomy and capacity. It finds that the state autonomy, a key characteristic of a developmental state, was high in the sense that the funds had been raised in the face of strong resistance from private financial institutions. Lack of state capacity such as low technocratic expertise and politicization of microcredit policy, however, turned out to be a major stumbling block to the state-led microcredit in South Korea. This study shows that although the Korean government still has strong willingness to intervene in the financial market even in the face of interest groups' opposition, the eventual success of state action largely depends on its capacity to effectively implement financial policies.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.301-318
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• 1997

This study was done to identify the professional autonomy of clinical nurses perceived by staff nurses and doctors. The subjects consisted of 410 nurses and 219 doctors who are working at 4 general hospital in Daegu and Pusan. The nurses were surveyed by means of July 7 to September 27, 1997. The results are as follows : 1. The score which the nurses perceived clinical nurses' professional autonomy is 159.05 points. This score means mid level of professinal autonomy. 2. The score which the doctors perceived clinical nurses' professional autonomy is 140.37 points. This score means mid level of professinal autonomy. 3. The extent of the perceived clinical nurses' professional autonomy between two groups was remarkably high in the nurses group(P=.000) 4. The relationship between general characteristics and the perception of professional autonomy by nurses showed a significant difference in regard to the age, the marital status, educatioal level, the period of nursing career and the state of position. The score of professional autonomy by age was highest 41 years old or more, while the lowest was for 26-30 years old(P=.008). The score of professional autonomy of a married nurse was higher than an unmarried(P=.003). The score of professional autonomy by the period of nursing career was highest 9 years or more, the lowest was for 3-6 years(P=.009), Also, the higher the educational level(P=.000) and the state of position(P=.049), the higher the score of professional autonomy. But there were no statistically significant difference in regard to the religion and the field of work. 5. The relationship between general characteristics and the perception of professional autonomy by doctors showed no statistically significant difference.

• 국제교류와 융합교육
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.43-61
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• 2024

이 연구는 한국의 교육과정 자율화 정책이 결정되고 학교 현장에 적용되는 교육과정 자율화 현상을 설명하는 모형으로서 '통합적 순환모형'을 제외하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 첫째, 교육과정 자율화의 의의와 한국의 교육과정 자율화에 대한 특징을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 정책결정 모형에 대한 비판적 분석을 토대로 대안적 교육과정 정책결정 모형의 필요성에 대해 논의하였다. 셋째, 통합적 순환 모형에 대해 탐색하였다. 여기서는 모형 정립의 조건 탐색과 모형의 기본 방향에 대해 제시하고 통합적 순환 모형을 구안하였다. 통합적 순환 모형은 거시 모형과 미시 모형으로 구분하여 살펴보고 이들을 통합한 모형으로 제시하였다. 논의 결과 우리나라 상황에 적합한 교육과정 정책 모형의 필요, 국가에서 부여한 자율성으로 인한 교육현장의 국가에 대한 자율 요청 행위의 촉진, 외적 개입의 배제와 내적 통제가 확립된 자율성의 개념화가 필요하였다. 이들 논의를 통해 모형 적용의 일반화, 교육과정 질 관리, 검증을 통한 보완 등의 제언을 하였다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.601-609
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• 2009

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate and analyze the state of the relationship among nurse-doctor collaboration, job autonomy and organizational commitment. Method: The 304 participants were obtained who were working at a General ward, Intensive care unit and Operation room in three university hospitals located in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire from March 2d to April 10th, 2009. The collected data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test and Pearson's correlation on SPSS Win 16.0. Result: There was a significant relationship among nurse-doctor collaboration, job autonomy and organizational commitment. The level of appointment, clinical experience and current hospital experience of nurses affected significantly nurse-doctor collaboration, job autonomy and organizational commitment. The age of nurse had the relation nurse-doctor collaboration and organizational commitment. The relationship between the nurse's working area and job autonomy had positive correlation. Conclusions: The findings of study suggest that the program enhancing the collaborated relationship between nurses and doctors is important to improve nurse's job autonomy and organizational commitment under the situation of citizen's demanding more advanced medical service.

• 항공우주기술
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

저궤도 위성을 운영하는 지상국에서는 10분 내외의 교신 시간 동안 위성의 건강 상태를 확인한 후 영상 촬영을 위한 임무 명령을 전송하거나 촬영한 영상을 수신한다. 제한된 교신 시간동안 매일의 임무를 위한 일련의 절차를 완료하기 위해 위성 및 지상국 시스템에서는 적절한 수준의 자율성이 적용되어 있다. 예를 들어 위성의 자세 및 궤도를 유지하기 위한 제어 로직은 운영자의 개입 없이도 오랜 시간동안 자동으로 수행되어야 하므로 높은 자율성을 갖는 부분이다. 이와는 대조적으로 위성의 고장 관리 로직의 경우 고장 상황 인지 및 안전 조치는 위성에서 자동으로 수행되지만 대체적으로 고장의 원인 판단 및 복구 절차는 지상에서 수행하도록 설계하므로 상대적으로 낮은 자율성을 갖는 부분이라 할 수 있다. 위성의 자율성 수준은 지상국 운영에도 영향을 준다. 지상국에서는 촬영 임무를 위한 일련의 명령 세트 등을 생성한다. 위성이 좀 더 높은 수준의 자율성을 갖는다면, 지상국에서 수행하는 동작의 일부를 위성에서 수행할 수 있을 것이며 지상국의 절차를 간소화할 수 있을 것이다. 이 논문에서는 위성의 자율성 수준에 대해 논의하고 적절한 자율성 수준을 위한 설계 개념을 제안한다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1997

This study aims to analyze the model of 'autonomous regional development', which was initiated in 1980s in Austria, then introduced into Germany and Switzerland. The basic ideas of autonomous regional development are constructed of the peculiarity, the autonomy, the integrity, and the project promotion. The subjects of the development-four poles of the model 'autonomous regional development' -are designed of the land residents, the regional advisers, the regional associations and the state. The concret measures to realize the autonomous regional development are the realization of independent regional economic structures, the autonomy of political decision-makings, and the development of peculiar rural cultures. The autonomous regional development is a new development model, which is founded on the right basic principles. In this model the initiative of the residents is emphasized, and the real autonomy of regional development is required. The principle of autonomy leads to the development of peculiar rural cultures, which keep the peculiarity of the region. The development of rural culture contributes in turn to restoring the identity of residents, which may become a driving force of the rural development.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

지방교육자치사무권 확대방안으로는 첫째, 지방교육자치제의 법체계의 혼란을 시정할 필요가 있고, 이를 위해 「지방분권 및 지방행정체제개편에 관한 특별법」 제12조 제2항과 제4항에서 "국가는 교육자치와 지방자치의 통합을 위하여 노력하여야 한다." "교육자치와 자치경찰제도의 실시에 관하여는 따로 법률로 정한다."고 한 규정은 폐지되어야 한다. 둘째, 국가수준에서 통일을 기하여야 할 불요불급한 법령사항 및 규제조치를 명료히 할 필요가 있고, 교육사무를 기본적으로 지방자치단체의 고유사무로 하고 특정사무에 대하여 국가가 수행하는 법정수탁사무제의 도입을 전향적으로 검토할 필요가 있다. 지방교육재정의 분권화는 지방교육자치제도 발전을 위하여 재원과 권한의 이양, 자율성 제고, 책임성이 요청된다. 첫째, 특별교부금 비율의 추가 조정(3%에서 2%) 또는 내 국가시책사업 비율의 하향 조정이다. 둘째, 세출예산을 편성할시 (일반회계로부터의 전입금으로 충당) 시·도지사와 협의한다는 조항을 삭제한다는 것이다. 셋째, 시·도의회의 권한을 제약하는 요소 제거이다. 네째, 국세교육세와 지방교육세를 통합하여 하나의 독립 목적세인 교육자치세(가칭)를 만들 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 교부금 총액배분 강화와 기준재정수요 측정항목에 대한 정산규정의 폐지이다. 여섯째, 교육부의 교부금 교부과정에 관계자 및 전문가 참여 확대 방안이다. 일곱째, 교육재정분야를 특수분야로 지정하여 장기보직제도를 마련할 필요가 있다. 여덟째, 협력적 거버넌스 확대이다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.324-340
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• 1998

Nurses experience role conflict between nursing theory that they learned in school and clinical nursing practice. This conflict lead to lower self-image, self-esteem, job dissatisfaction. Also, the professionalism of nurses is estimatable by the grade of autonomy. The professional autonomy requires individual and professional obligation about her decision and performance. A lack of professional autonomy results in the Job dissatisfaction. Job dissatisfaction leads to absenteeism, increased proneness to mental and physical illness and higher turnover rates. The purpose of this study was to investigate professional autonomy and self-concept of clinical nurses. Data were collected from 262 clinical nurses in P city from June 1 to June 30, 1996. The instruments used for this study were made by Arthur(1990) and Schutzenhofer(1983). The data were analyzed for frequency and percetage, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, stepwise mutiple regression, using SAS $PC^+$ Program. The findings were as it follows : 1. The mean of professional autonomy and self-concept were $152{\pm}18.48,\;70.65{\pm}8.20$(2.62), respectively. These showed mid level of professional autonomy and self-concept. 2. Professional autonomy of clinical nurses was found to vary significantly according to total years of clinical experience(F=4.49 p<0.01), position(F=3.49 p<0.05), and state under study for the degree(F=3.83 p<0.05). Professional self-concept was found to vary significantly according to age(F=3.52 p<0.05), marital status(F=7.39 p<0.001), total years of clinical experience(F=3.59 p<0.05), position(F= 5.22 p<0.01), the expectant period being on the duty as clinical nurse(F=8.34 p<0.001), and motivation of choosing nursing(F=5.17 p<0.001). 3. The statistical relationship between clinical nurses' professional autonomy and self-concept was found as positive correlation(r=0.42246 p<0.001). 4. Professional autonomy was the highest factor predicting professional self-concept(17.85%). Professional autonomy and marital status accounted for 20.60% in professional self-concept of clinical nurses. In conclusion, Professional autonomy and self-concept of clinical nurses showed significantly positive relationship. Therefore, nursing education needs to develop programs and policies to increase professional autonomy and self-concept of clinical nurses.

• 복식
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.147-156
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• 2001

The painting style has much influenced on the creativity of design in the developmental process of modern fashion. This fact tells that pure art and fashion design have the same purpose in the end. In this paper. the color Autonomy of Matisse was analyzed and how its result influences on modern fashion design was investigated. Matisse is, in fact. the leader of Fauvism and the painter who brought the Fauvism painting to its perfection in the purest state. Matisse achieved the revolution of new color with only the color in expressing formative factor. Matisse's color autonomy are fusion technique, flatness, decoration, simplicity, etc. To sum up the influence that this autonomy played on modern fashion design, intensive pure color expression, strongly-supplemented color effect among primary colors, decoration of color, simplicity of color, that is to say. he gave rise to the revolution of color, Many modern designers are applying this method to the theme of fashion and motive, color the technique of expression. Thanks to this. the new formative artistic expression could be adapted in fashion, and it also induced the inspiration of original design, with great contribution to bringing the era of its own distinct individualism in modern times.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2024

The outbreak of Covid-19 has forced teachers of special education in Saudi Arabia to keep to themselves to live in a technology-infused society throughout the virtual teaching and learning process. This study set out to explore the competence, self-efficacy, and autonomy in using information communication technology (ICT) of special education teachers in Saudi Arabia. A total of 244 special education teachers in Saudi Arabia participated in this study. This study adopted the New General Self-Efficacy Scale developed and validated by Chen, Gully, and Eden (2001), as well as the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) developed and validated by Vlachopoulos and Michailidou (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used as the main data analysis in this study. The findings showed that special education teachers in Saudi Arabia possessed competence, self-efficacy, and autonomy in using ICT in their teaching and learning process. All the factor loadings in each factor were.75 or higher, indicating good factor loadings. The results of the MANOVA indicated that special education teachers in Saudi Arabia do not report different perceptions of their competence, self-efficacy, and autonomy despite their different gender, age group, academic background, and teaching experiences.