• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.856-861
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• 1988

본 실험은 Staphylococcus aureus의 한 균주로부터 A와 C, 두 종류의 toxin이 동시에 생성될 때 이들의 동시분리를 위하여 각종 분리방법을 연구하였다. 혼합된 toxin A와 C는 CM-column chromatography를 이용하여 pH-gradient법으로 용출했을 때 2개의 분획이 나타났으나 서로 완전히 분리되지 않아 다량의 서로 다른 toxin이 함유되어 있었고 Sephadex G-75, Sephacryl S-300, 그리고 ultro gel을 사용한 gel filtration에서는 하나의 분획을 나타내 상호분리가 불가능 하였으며 정제도와 분리도에서 가장 뛰어난 gel column을 이용한 FPLC도 toxin A와 C를 상호분리할 수 없었다. 그러나 CM-column을 이용한 FPLC에서는 enterotoxin A는 pH 6.8에서 그리고 enterotoxin C는 pH 8.6에서 각각 분리되었으며, immunodiffusion test 결과 enterotoxin A의 분획에서는 toxin C가 전혀 검출되지 않았고 enterotoxin C의 분획에서도 toxin A가 검출되지 않았다. 용출방법에 있어서는 CM-column을 이용한 FPLC에서 pH-stepwise법이나 pH-gradient법으로 enterotoxin A와 C type을 쉽게 동시에 분리할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2016

Staphylococcus aureus cultures exposed to rotating magnetic field (RMF) were studied in order to analyse the possible induced changes in staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (se) expression. Liquid cultures of S. aureus strains carrying different se were exposed to the RMF of magnetic frequency 50 Hz and magnetic induction 34 mT for 10 h at $37^{\circ}C$. Three time points of bacterial growth cycle were considered for RNA extractions. Gene expression analyses were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR method. The present study confirmed, that the RMF can stimulate the growth rate of S. aureus cultures in comparison to the unexposed controls, while the stimulation is not strain dependent. The studies have also shown, that the RMF, depending on the exposure time but regardless the bacterial strain, can influence on the expression of various se. In general, except for sea, as a result of bacterial exposure to the RMF through subsequent growth phases, the expression of se decreased, reaching the values below results recorded for unexposed controls. In the case of sea expression remained at a lower level as compared to the control, regardless the time of exposition.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2001

집단식중독 환자에서 분리한 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 항생제 감수성, enterotoxin 형별을 PCR로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 의심환자분변 413건중 105건(25.4%)에서 Staphylococcus aureus coagulase 양성 균주가 분리되었다. 2. enterotoxin 생산성을 PCR로 조사한 결과 총 45주(42.9%)에서 enterotoxin gene이 확인되었으며, 이 중 H형 단독생산주가 29주(64.4%)로 가장 많았으며. A형 단독생산주 5주(11.1%), A형 및 H형 혼합생산주 4주(8.9%), G형 생산주 2주(4.4%)및 I형 생산주 1주(2.2%)이었다. 3. 시험한 105주 중 48주(45.7%)에서 항생제 내성이 확인되었으며, 이 중 penicillin에 대한 내성이 38.1%로 가장 높았으며, ampicillin과 penicillin은 중등도 내성이 각각 42.9%, 61.0%이었다. chloramphenicol, clindamycin, methicillin. trimethoprim, vancomycin은 모두 감수성이었다. 또한 단제 내성이 85.4%를 차지하였으며, 2제 내성이 12.5%, 3제내성이 2.1%이었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1988

본 실험은 Staphylococcus aureus 로부터 생성되는 enterotoxi B 의 분리 및 정제를 위하여 각종 분리방법을 비교 조사하였다. 배지로부터 Entrotoxin B를 추출하는 방법중 Amberlite CG-50 수지가 가장 간편하고 빠른 방법이었고 CM 수지는 Amberlite 수지에 비해 용출력이 떨어졌으며 분리할 수 있는 toxin의 양은 적었으나 정제도에 있어서는 약 75%로 toxin을 분리하는 처음 단계로서는 높은 편이었다. CM column을 Gradient 용출법으로 사용했을 때에는 하나의 column을 사용해 분리한 분리물 중 정제도가 85%로 가장 높았고, 용출 buffer의 농도 폭을 넓히는 것이 정제도를 높이기 위한 바람직한 방법이었다. 이 실험에 사용한 Sephadex G-50 , 75, 100, Sephacryl, Ultro gel 등의 gel filtration 방법 중 Ultro gel 에 의한 분리방법이 정제도에 있어서는 가장 우수했으며, 이온 교환 수지를 먼저 사용한 분리물에서는 모두 90% 이상의 toxin을 얻을수 있었지만, 한번의 분리도 거치지 않은 배지는 분리도와 정제도에서 현저히 떨어졌고, Sephadex G-50 은 gel colunm중 정제도가 가장 낮았다. FPLC는 위의 분리 ·정제 방법중 가장 빠른 방법이며, 적은 양의 시료로도 측정이 가증하였고, 정제도는 95% 이상이었다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.15.1-15.16
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• 2022

Foreign molecules, including viruses and bacteria-derived toxins, can also induce airway inflammation. However, to the best of our knowledge, the roles of these molecules in the development of airway inflammation have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the precise role and synergistic effect of virus-mimicking double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in macrophages and epithelial cells. To identify cytokine expression profiles, both the THP-1-derived macrophages and BEAS-2B epithelial cells were stimulated with dsRNA or SEB. A total of 21 cytokines were evaluated in the culture supernatants. We observed that stimulation with dsRNA induced cytokine production in both cell types. However, cytokine production was not induced in SEB-stimulated epithelial cells, compared to the macrophages. The synergistic effect of dsRNA and SEB was evaluated observing cytokine level and intracellular phospho-signaling. Fifteen different types were detected in high-dose dsRNA-stimulated epithelial cells, and 12 distinct types were detected in macrophages; those found in macrophages lacked interferon production compared to the epithelial cells. Notably, a synergistic effect of cytokine induction by co-stimulation of dsRNA and SEB was observed mainly in epithelial cells, via activation of most intracellular phosphor-signaling. However, macrophages only showed an accumulative effect. This study showed that the type and severity of cytokine productions from the epithelium or macrophages could be affected by different intensities and a combination of dsRNA and SEB. Further studies with this approach may improve our understanding of the development and exacerbation of airway inflammation and asthma.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.111-114
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• 1972

There was an outbreak of food poisoning on the 17 October, 1970 among the primary school children who came from a rural area, Yeongi-gun, Choongcheongnam-do to Seoul City on an educational trip. Of the 199 children participating in the trip, 149 cases of food poisoning developed a 74.9% attack rate. The acute onset of symptoms, of abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and headache which occurred 1-5 hours after eating their lunch suggests that the outbreak was due to staphylococcal food poisoning. The common source of food was identified as the lunch packed in a chip-box which were eaten on October 17 during the trip. Most probable kind of food of the lunch as the cause was the favoured fish paste. The lunch were prepared at restaurant A in Seoul City. One of the personnel of the restaurant had a unhealed cut wound on the third finger tip of the left hand, from which it was considered that the food was contaminated with Staphylococcus during preparation. The chance of multiplication of Staphylococcus to produce enterotoxin in the food might be existed during flavouring the food with some degree of heat, and also during about 10 hours elapsed before serving the food after preparation.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.447-452
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• 2007

In this study, we compared the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 138 MRSA isolates obtained from adult and pediatric patients (adult, 50; children, 88). The resistance rates against gentamicin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin were much higher in the adult MRSA isolates than in the pediatric MRSA isolates. The ermC gene, which is responsible for inducible clindamycin resistance, was detected in 52(59.1%) of the 88 pediatric MRSA isolates but in only 5(10.0%) of the 50 adult MRSA isolates. MRSA isolates of clonal type ST5 with an integration of SCCmec type II/II variants was the most predominant clone among the adult isolates, while clonal type ST72 with an integration of SCCmec IV/IVA was the most predominant clone among the pediatric MRSA isolates. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 were prevalent among the adult MRSA isolates but not among the pediatric MRSA isolates. The results of this study demonstrated remarkable differences between adult and pediatric MRSA isolates in terms of their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, SCCmec type, multilocus sequence type, staphylococcal toxin genes, and erythromycin resistance genes.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2007

목 적 : 포도알균 열상 피부 증후군(Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome)은 포도알균의 피부박탈성 독소에 의하여 전신성 수포와 낙설을 일으키는 포도알균의 피부 감염증의 한 형태이다. 환자들의 임상양상과 치료의 결과, 합병증 등을 알고 자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 2월부터 2005년 12월까지 특징적인 피부병변을 보여 포도알균 열상 피부 증후군으로 진단된 53명의 환자들을 대상으로 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하였고 임상형을 전신형, 중간형, 부전형 등으로 분류하고 2003년 9월이후 부터 발생한 환자의 비강 내 검체를 이용하여 원인 균 및 독소를 규명하였다. 결 과 : 1) 연구기간 동안 4S로 진단되어 치료한 환자는 총 53명이었다. 발병연령은 생후 20일부터 7세까지 분포하였으며, 평균연령은 2.8세였다. 성별은 남자가 35명이었고 여자는 18명으로 남여 성비는 1.9:1이었다. 2) 임상적인 유형은 전신형이 6례(11%), 중간형이 29례(55%), 부전형이 18례(34%)로 중간형이 가장 많았다. 대부분의 환자에서 혈액 검사 상 백혈구 증다증이나 C반응단백의 증가는 없었다. 3) 2003년 9월 이후에 15명 환자의 비강에서 얻은 검체 중 14명의 환자에서 얻은 검체에서 포도알균을 분리하였고 피부박탈성 독소는 독소 B의 유전자를 확인하였고 Panton-Valentine leukocidin의 유전자는 음성으로 나왔다. 4) 입원하여 치료받은 환자의 경우 평균 입원 기간은 7.3일이었으며 사용한 항생제는 amoxacillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, vancomycin 등이었다. 모든 환자에서 전신적인 낙설이 나타났으며 임상형이나 사용한 항생제 종류에 관계없이 모든 환자가 특별한 합병증이 없이 회복이 되었다. 결 론 : 창원과 인근 지역에서 단기간 내에 지역사회 획득 메치실린 내성 포도알균감염으로 인한 다수의 4S 환자가 연속적으로 발생하였으며 원인은 피부박탈성 독소 B이었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제79권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2016

Background: Specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization to staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) has been recently considered to be related to allergic disease, including asthma. Despite studies on specific IgE (sIgE) to SE and its relationship to asthma diagnosis and severity, the association of sIgE to SE with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) remains unclear. Methods: We enrolled 81 asthma patients admitted to the Severance Hospital in Korea from March 1, 2013, to February 28, 2015 and retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of the enrolled subjects. The serum levels of sIgE to SE (A/B) of all subjects was measured using the ImmunoCAP 250 (Phadia) system with SE-sIgE positive defined as >0.10 kU/mL. Results: The SE-sIgE level was not significantly correlated with asthma severity (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [$FEV_1$], $FEV_1$/forced vital capacity, sputum eosinophils, and serum eosinophils), whereas the SE-sIgE level in patients with positive AHR ($mean{\pm}standard$ error of the mean, $0.606{\pm}0.273kU/mL$) was significantly higher than that in patients with negative AHR ($0.062{\pm}0.015kU/mL$, p=0.034). In regression analysis, SE sensitization (sIgE to SE ${\geq}0.010kU/mL$) was a significant risk factor for AHR, after adjustment for age, sex, $FEV_1$, and sputum eosinophils (odds ratio, 7.090; 95% confidence interval, 1.180-42.600; p=0.032). Prevalence of SE sensitization was higher in patients with allergic rhinitis and non-atopic asthma patients, as compared to patients without allergic rhinitis and atopic asthma patients, respectively, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: SE sensitization is significantly associated with AHR.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2016

Objectives: Mobile phones have become one of the most essential accessories in daily life. However, they may act as reservoir of infectious pathogens if they are used without hygienic practices in their handling. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate food-borne pathogens from mobile phones and investigate the characteristics of toxin genes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Methods: A total of 146 mobile phones were collected from 83 middle- and 63 high-school students in Busan. The surfaces of the mobile phones were aseptically swabbed. Results: Among the food-borne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were detected in 26 (17.8%), 20 (13.7%) and four (2.7%) samples, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences according to school level, gender or phone type. None of four E. coli strains had pathogenic toxic genes. All of the B. cereus strains carried at least three different toxin genes among the nine enterotoxin and emetic toxin genes. Three out of 20 B. cereus strains (15%) possessed emetic toxin genes, which are rarely detected in food-poisoning cases in Korea. Among the 26 strains of S. aureus, the detection rate of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) and factors essential for methicillin resistance (femA) were 84.6%, 7.7% and 100%, respectively. In the antibiotic susceptibility test, there was no methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Conclusion: The results show that students' mobile phones in Busan were contaminated by food-borne pathogens which carried various toxic genes. Therefore, regular phone disinfection and hand hygiene is important in order to reduce cross-contamination.