• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.390-398
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apical fitness of non-standardized gutta-percha cones in root canals prepared with rotary Ni-Ti root canal instruments of various tapers and apical tip sizes. Simulated sixty curved root canals of plastic blocks were prepared with crown-down technique using rotary root canal instruments of Maillefer ProFile$^{(R)}$ .04 and .06 taper (Maillefer Instrument SA, Switzerland). Specimens were divided into six groups and prepared as follows: Group 1, prepared up to size 25 of .04 taper ; Group 2, prepared up to size 30 of .04 taper ; Group 3, prepared up to size 35 of .04 taper ; Group 4, prepared up to size 25 of .06 taper ; Group 5, prepared up to size 30 of .06 taper ; Group 6 ; prepared up to size 35 of .06 taper. After cutting off the coronal portion of plastic, blocks perpendicular to the long axis of the canal with the use of a diamond saw, apical 5mm of canal space was analyzed. Prepared apical canal spaces were duplicated using rubber base impression material to evaluate two dimensional total area of apical canal space. Various sized gutta-percha cones were applied in the 5mm-apical canal space, which were size 25, size 30 and size 35 standardized gutta-percha cone, Diadent Dia-Pro ISO-.04$^{TM}$ and .06$^{TM}$(Diadent, Korea), and medium-fine (MF), fine (F), fine-medium (FM) and medium (M) sized non-standardized gutta-percha cones (Diadent, Korea). Coronal excess gutta-percha were cut off with a sharp blade. Photographs of impressed apical canal spaces and gutta-percha cones were taken with a CCD camera under a stereomicroscope and stored in a computer. Areas of the total canal space and gutta-percha cones were calculated using a digitalized image analysing program, CompuScope (Sungjin Multimedia Co., Korea). Ratio of apical fitness was obtained by calculating the area of gutta-percha cone to the total area of the canal space. The data were analysed statistically using One-way Analysis of Variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results were as follows: 1. In canals prepared up to size 25 ProFile$^{(R)}$ of .04 taper, non-standardized MF and F cones occupied significantly more canal space than Dia-Pro ISO-.04$^{TM}$ or size 25 standardized ones (p<0.05). 2. In canals prepared up to size 30 ProFile$^{(R)}$ of .04 taper, non-standardized F cones occupied significantly more canal space than Dia-Pro ISO-.04$^{TM}$ or size 30 standardized ones (p<0.05), and non-standardized MF cones occupied more canal space than size 30 standardized ones (p<0.05). 3. In canals prepared up to size 35 ProFile$^{(R)}$ of .04 taper, there was no significant difference in canal space occupation among non-standardized MF and F, size 35 standardized, and Dia-Pro ISO-.04$^{TM}$ cones (p>0.05). 4. In canals prepared up to size 25 ProFile$^{(R)}$ of .06 taper, non-standardized MF and F cones occupied significantly more canal space than Dia-Pro ISO-.06$^{TM}$, or size 25 standardized ones (p<0.05), and Dia-Pro ISO-.06$^{TM}$, cones occupied significantly more space than size 25 standardized ones (p<0.05). 5. In canals prepared up to size 30 ProFile$^{(R)}$ of .06 taper, non-standardized FM cones occupied significantly more canal space than Dia-Pro ISO-.06$^{TM}$ or size 30 standardized ones (p<0.05), and non-standardized F cones occupied significantly more canal space than size 30 standardized ones (p<0.05). 6. In canals prepared up to size 35 ProFile$^{(R)}$ of .06 taper, non-standardized M and FM, Dia-Pro ISO-.06$^{TM}$ occupied significantly more canal space than size 35 standardized ones (p<0.05). In summary, in both canals prepared with .04 or .06 taper ProFile$^{(R)}$, non-standardized cones showed better fitness than Dia-Pro ISO$^{TM}$ or standardized ones, which was more characteristic in smaller canals.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.205-215
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• 2010

In modern society as people adapt to social and cultural changes, people prefer high-scarcity designed products rather than standardized ones. Consequently, this adaptation lays a foundation in art and cultural domains to express uniqueness and individuality. The purpose of this study is to develop fashion designs by fusing fashion painting and handicraft techniques through creative and various artistic expressions. The researchers studied the sociocultural background of modern handicraft fashion using document-based research methods. Based on the characteristics of modern handicraft, we produced six garments that applied fashion painting techniques. In this study, the origin of fashion painting was found in ornaments such as tattoo or body-painting. We determined that modern designers were using various fashion painting techniques and motives as unique and advanced ornamentary skills. Harmonizing various handicraft techniques(dyeing, embroidery, quilt, patchwork, beads, fashion painting, etc.) centered on fashion painting enabled creation of unique fashion design through varieties of artistic expressions.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.263-272
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identify health needs of the elderly at nursing homes by long-term care grade. Methods: The health needs of 116 elders at two nursing homes in Seoul were measured with resident assessment protocols (RAPs), activities of daily living (ADL), and cognitive performance scale (CPS), and pain and depression were measured by resident assessment instrument (RAI). Results: With regard to RAPs, 11 out of 18 items had different distribution in the 3 groups significantly. The 1st-grade elders had a higher percentage of 9 items than the 2nd- and 3rd-grade ones but the 3rd-grade ones had the highest health needs related with activity. The 2nd-grade elders had similar health needs to the 1st-grade ones. In terms of functional level, the 1st-grade elders had the highest percentage of CPS and ADL but the 3rd-grade ones had the highest score of pain and depression out of the 3 groups. The standardized assessment instrument to identify specific health needs by the 3 groups should be developed. Therefore, care plans to meet health needs of the 3 groups will be made. Conclusion: It is suggested that nursing care is required to the elderly of the 1st- and 2nd-grade and safe activity and environment to the 3rd-graded ones.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 1999

Lots of products are made in various working conditions, depending on the size and the shape of them. Usually, at first, the die for new items had been designed on the basis of experience and know-how, and then modified through trial and error. At a die design stage most of drawings have been drawn manually. Recently some forging companies save design time by repeated utilization of standardized parts with registered data base. In this study the automated die design technique for forward extrusion of axisymmetric products is developed. A standardized die system is proposed from the investigation of ones employed frequently in the metal forming field and the design rules for cold extrusion die. A design example of forward extrusion die is given and discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.107-120
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to figure out the wife's employment and family economic structure of urban establishing families. For this purpose 274 establishing families in Seoul and its metropolitan area were interviewed through the standardized questionnares. Finally 264 questionnares were analyzed. The major findings were as follows; 1. The 23.9% of respondents had full-time job and 12.1% had part-time job. The major reason of nonemployment was child-rearing problems. And most ofthem answered that they would have job if child-rearing problems were sloved. 2. In both full-time and part-time job wives, the employment rate of high educational level's wives was high-relatively. 3. Total household monthly income of full-time job women was higher than the ones of part-time job and full-time wives. In total monthly income of full-time job women, the rate of wife's income was about 38%. 4. The costs of clothings, the cost of traffic and the total expenditures of full-time wife's household were higher than the ones of the other households. 5. The saving rate of the urban establishing families was about 27%.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

This study was conducted to analyze the priority of environmental problems in Korea by investigating the environmental professionals' perception. The delphi technique was applied to identify their risk perception towards some specific items related with pollution. A standardized questionnaire on environmental problems and their priorities was used to 74 subjects. In the questionnaire, the environmental problems were divided into the general ones,9 items, and the specific ones,30 items. Also, the perception was associated with two points of view which were the risk on general human health or ecosystem, and on the present situation in Korea. The priority of risk from general environmental problems on human health or ecosystem was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution', 'air pollution', 'soil contamination', 'waste', 'toxic chemical pollutants', 'food contamination', 'ocean contamination', 'odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. The priority of risk on the present situation in Korea was analyzed in the order of 'water pollution','air pollution','waste','toxic chemical pollutants','food contamination','soil contamination','ocean contamination','odor pollution', and 'noise pollution'. And these priorities were significantly related with the characteristics of respondents such as sex, age, and major concerned area. However, for the first five priorities of risk from the specific environmental problems on human health or ecosystem, the environmental professionals agreed with 'automotive vehicle exhaust', 'domestic and industrial source pollutants to surface water', '$CO_2$nd g1oba1 warming effect','toxic air pollutant' and 'industrial source air pollution'. The priorities of risk on the present situation in Korea were similar to these results.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.99-109
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• 2007

To realize process-driven management, so many companies have been launching business process managementsystems. Business process is collection of standardized and structured tasks inducing value creation of acompany. Moreover, it is recognized as one of significant intangible business assets to achieve competitiveadvantages. This research introduces a novel approach of workflow process analysis, which has more and moresignificance as process-aware information systems are spreading widely into a lot of companies, In this paper, amethodology of workflow clustering based on process similarity has been proposed. The purpose of workflowclustering is to analyze accumulated process definitions in order to assist design of new processes andimprovement of existing ones. The proposed methodology exploits measures of structural similarity of workflowprocesses.The methodology has been experimented with synthetic process models for illustrating the implicationofworkflow clustering.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 1976

In this study, Multiple Factor Analysis was undertaken for the purpose of substituting General Vocational Aptitude tester for paper tests according to the standardized and partially modified norm, and compared and analyzed these aptitude tests YK Type Working Character test for a test battery. In this analysis, four basis aptitude cluster of AQE was utilized as aptitude cluster, the study for skill was carried out by the method of sampling electronic aptitude cluster in four basis ones, and the parts needed in the process of its analysis were investigated by means of Video-Tape Recording. This paper was performed with sample test by application of the inverse variation curve from learning theory and induced learning rate as a measure of the degree of proficient of technicians, and from the obtained results illustrated optimum newly-production plan of ability program and load program by the use of computer program.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 1987

The approximate rate and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess Thexylbromoborane-methyl sulfide, $ThxBHBr{\cdot}SMe_2,$ with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups under standardized conditions (methylene chloride, $0^{\circ}C)$ were studied in order to characterize the reducing characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. The selectivity of the reagent was also compared to the selectivity of thexylchloroborane-methyl sulfide. Thexylbromoborane appears to be a much milder and hence more selective reducing agent than thexylchloroborane. The reagent tolerates many organic functionalities. Thus, the reagent shows very little reactivity or no reactivity toward acid chlorides, esters, epoxides, amides, nitro compounds including simple olefins. However, this reagent can reduce aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitriles, and sulfoxides. Especially the reagent reduces carboxylic acids including ${\alpha},{\beta}$ -unsaturated ones and nitriles to the corresponding aldehydes. In addition to that, thexylbromoborane shows good stereoselectivity toward cyclic ketones, much better than the chloro-derivative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.20 no.spc1
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• pp.76-89
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• 2024

This study investigates the impact of standardized underground logistics conainers on lower body muscle activation during warehouse tasks, comparing conventional roll containers(A type) with newly developed ones(B type). Through a detailed experimental setup involving electromyography(EMG) and tensiomyography(TMG), muscle activities of the lower limbs were quantitatively analyzed during loading unloading and transporting tasks. Results indicated no significant difference in muscle activation patters between the two rolltainer types, suggesting that the dimensions of these containers do not critically affect the muscular strain and workload. Furthermore, the TMG analysis revealed that muscle contraction velocity(Vc) increased in certain muscles when using the B-type rolltainer, indicating a potential for more efficient muscle engagement without increasing fatigue. This research underscores the importance of ergonomic considerations in the design of logistics equipment and suggests that further studies should focus on optimizing the interaction between human operators and logistical systems to enhance safety and efficiency in warehouse operations.