• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.241-245
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• 2007

Objective : So called "minimally invasive procedures" have evolved from chemonucleolysis, automated percutaneous discectomy, arthroscopic microdiscectomy that are mainly working within the confines of intradiscal space to transforaminal endoscopic technique to remove herniated epidural disc materials directly. The purpose of this study is to assess the result of endoscopic spinal surgery and favorable indication in the thoracolumbar spine. Methods : The records of 71 patients, 73 endoscopic procedures, were retrospectively analysed. Yeung Endoscopic Spine Surgery system with 7 mm working sleeve and $25^{\circ}$ viewing angle was used. The mean follow up period was 6 months [range, 3-9]. Results : Operated levels were from T12-L1 disc down to L5-L6 of S1 disc. Of 71 cases, 2 patients underwent transforaminal endoscopic surgery twice due to recurrence after initial operation. MacNab's criteria was used to assess the outcome. Favorable outcome, excellent of good, was seen in 78% [57 procedures] of the patients. Among 11 fair outcomes, only 1 procedure was followed by secondary open procedure, laminectomy with discectomy. Two of 5 poor outcomes were operated again by same procedure which resulted in fair outcomes. One patient with aggravated cauda equina syndrome remained poor and a lumbar fusion procedure was performed in other patient with poor outcome. There were 2 postoperative discitis that were treated with conservative care in one and anterior lumbar interbody fusion in the other. Conclusion : Evolving technology of mechanical, visual instrument enables minimal invasive procedure possible and effective. The transforaminal endoscopic spinal surgery can reach as high as T12-L1 disc level. The rate of favorable outcome is mid-range among reported endoscopic lumbar surgery series. Authors believe that the outcome will be better as cases accumulate and will be able to reach the fate of standard open microsurgery.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2D
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• pp.183-187
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• 2012

This study is to prepare the emergency response procedures for an unmanned LRT (Light Rapid Transit) which is being commercially operated recently. This emergency response procedure adds several particular characteristics which happens in the hardware and software aspects at the unmanned LRT in addition to the present emergency response procedures. The emergency response procedure has to conform to the emergency response planning. For doing that this emergency response procedure includes three important sub systems. First of all, the functional emergency response system has been developed. Secondly, Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) is suggested for the better and faster emergency response between emergency response personnel and institutes. Thirdly, emergency response training and drilling system is also provided for emergency response personnel. Finally, a software program for emergency response training and drilling will be developed and suggested to be used for the emergency response personnel.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.289-299
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• 2019

Various sizes of ROVs are being utilized in offshore industrial, scientific, and military applications all around the world. Because of innovative developments in science and technology, image acquisition devices such as sonar devices and cameras have been reduced in size and their performance has been improved. Thus, we can expect better accuracy and higher resolution even in the case of exploration using a small ROV. The purpose of this paper is to prepare a standard procedure for the identification of unidentified hazardous materials found during the National Oceanographic Survey. In this paper, we propose an IDEF (Integrated DEFinition) method modeling technique to identify unidentified targets using a small ROV. In accordance with the proposed procedure, an ROV survey was carried out on target No.16 with a four-ton-class fishing boat as a support vessel on September 18th of 2018 in the sea near Daebu Island. Unidentified targets, which were not known by the multi-beam data obtained from the ship, could be identified as concrete pipes by analyzing the HD camera and high-resolution sonar images acquired by the ROV. The whole proposed procedure could be verified, and the survey with the small ROV required about 10 days to identify the target in one place.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.32-39
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• 2020

The fire compartments with fire-resistant construction are installed in the principal structural parts of a building in order to reduce damage in the event of a building fire. As a fire may spread through a crack in the fire compartment, the firestop with secured performance is used according to the procedure, methods, and standards specified in the detailed operation guideline. According to the current detailed operation guideline, vertical members (wall penetration) and horizontal members (floor penetration) are classified into different categories respective to each other for the classification of the firestop. Therefore, an accreditation applicant must apply for the performance test for each structure even if the wall and the floor have the same structure. Also, Grade T is used for the firestop that penetrates the fire compartment. However, in the case of foreign countries, the use of Grade F for the firestop is allowed even if it penetrates the fire compartment. The result of the precedent studies also showed that there was a significantly low possibility of fire to spread even if Grade F was applied for a metallic duct that penetrated the fire compartment. In this study, the improved scheme for the classification and performance standard of firestops was presented by analyzing the results of precedent studies regarding the firestop and domestic and overseas firestop qualification systems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.22-29
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• 2015

Many enterprises have been adopting management systems good enough for them and operating the schemes to have competitive edge better than their competitor. One of the finest systems that most companies have been selecting is ISO 14001. ISO 14001, environment management system, is widely known as advancing internal efficiency and productivity in the various industries. As a result, the number of companies that have adopted ISO 14001's certification have been increasing continuously year by year since ISO 14000 standard was called in 1994s from ISO 18000 standard that originally used. The purpose of this study is to present that ISO 14001's requirement execution influences on management performance in the small manufacturer. In order to carry out this research, we obtained 96 survey sheets and inspected ten assumptions based on the reliability, validity of the questionnaires. The results of regression analysis are summarized as follows; First, the three factors of ISO 14001 requirement, plan, implementation and operation and management consideration, have an important effect on the operational performance. Second, the three elements of ISO 14001 requirement, environment policy, implementation and operation and management consideration, affect to the financial performance significantly. Based on the results, it is sure that the companies that execute the factors of implementation and operation and management policy have a good performance to achieve operational and financial performance so that it is important to clarify the member's role, authority and follow the procedure by a company's process. Also, the truth shows CEO's continuous will and periodical review of ISO 14001 influence on management performance as well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Every year, the complexity and scale of disasters are growing. Cooperation between institutions must occur in order to adequately respond to urgent situations caused by these disasters. However, agencies and institutions tend to operate separately, which impose limitations to an integrated disaster response. To combat this problem, the subject of this study: 'Korean standardized integrated response system For disaster site' proposes to develop a response system that is applicable to disasters of all types and scales. Standard Formation, SOP (Standard Operation Procedure), and Standard Terms have been developed to be applicable to various institutions and agencies. The necessity for legal and institutional support to actualize the standardized system is focused on. Utilizing a standardized integrated response system will enable a unified command and control structure at disaster sites, clarify each institution's response tasks, and allow clear and efficient communication among response entities. Ultimately, these benefits will improve efficiency and performance in disaster response efforts.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.933-943
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• 2021

Objective : Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) fixation is a needle based procedure that requires fluoroscopic image guidance. Consequently, radiation exposure is inevitable for patients, surgeons, and operation room staff. We hypothesize that reducing the production of radiation emission will result in reduced radiation exposure for everyone in the operation room. Research was performed to evaluate reduction of radiation exposure by modifying imaging manner and mode of radiation source. Methods : A total of 170 patients (680 screws) who underwent fusion surgery with PPS fixation from September 2019 to March 2020 were analyzed in this study. Personal dosimeters (Polimaster Ltd.) were worn at the collar outside a lead apron to measure radiation exposure. Patients were assigned to four groups based on imaging manner of fluoroscopy and radiation modification (pulse mode with reduced dose) : continuous use without radiation modification (group 1, n=34), intermittent use without radiation modification (group 2, n=54), continuous use with radiation modification (group 3, n=26), and intermittent use with radiation modification (group 4, n=56). Post hoc Tukey Honest significant difference test was used for individual comparisons of radiation exposure/screw and fluoroscopic time/screw. Results : The average radiation exposure/screw was 71.45±45.75 µSv/screw for group 1, 18.77±11.51 µSv/screw for group 2, 19.58±7.00 µSv/screw for group 3, and 4.26±2.89 µSv/screw for group 4. By changing imaging manner from continuous multiple shot to intermittent single shot, 73.7% radiation reduction was achieved in the no radiation modification groups (groups 1, 2), and 78.2% radiation reduction was achieved in the radiation modification groups (groups 3, 4). Radiation source modification from continuous mode with standard dose to pulse mode with reduced dose resulted in 72.6% radiation reduction in continuous imaging groups (groups 1, 3) and 77.3% radiation reduction in intermittent imaging groups (groups 2, 4). The average radiation exposure/screw was reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from continuous imaging with standard fluoroscopy setting (group 1) to intermittent imaging with modified fluoroscopy setting (group 4). A total of 680 screws were reviewed postoperatively, and 99.3% (675) were evaluated as pedicle breach grade 0 (<2 mm). Conclusion : The average radiation exposure/screw for a spinal surgeon can be reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from real-time imaging with standard dose to intermittent imaging with modified dose. These modifications can be instantly applied to any procedure using fluoroscopic guidance and may reduce the overall radiation exposure of spine surgeons.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.406-411
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• 2006

Objective : The authors have developed a procedure, termed posterior microscopic lesionectomy, that creates a minimal laminotomy site according to the location of the shifted disc using the $METRx^{TM}$ system in the lumbar spine. This study compared the usefulness and surgical outcomes of this procedure with those of traditional standard lumbar discectomy. Methods : From June 2003 to June 2004, Twenty-two patients with one-level radiculopathy due to lumbar disc herniation underwent posterior microscopic lesionectomy with the assistance of an operating microscope and the $METRx^{TM}$ tubular retractor. Surgical results of the new procedure were compared to those of 39 patients who underwent traditional lumbar discectomy from April 2003 to September 2004. All patients were evaluated for pain score, clinical assessment according to the VAS, and Roland-Morris scores pre-operatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-operatively. Results : Mean blood loss, operation time, and admission date showed significant improvements for microscopic lesionectomy compared to traditional lumbar discectomy [P < 0.001]. Also, both measures of short-term functional improvement, the Visual Analogue Scale[VAS] and Roland-Morris[RM] scores, were statistically better for microscopic lesionectomy than for traditional discectomy [P < 0.001]. Conclusion : Posterior microscopic lesionectomy can be performed more safely and provide greater benefit than traditional discectomy. The procedure is associated with less post-operative pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker rehabilitation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2020

Whole lung lavage (WLL) is a therapeutic procedure to remove accumulated material by infusing and draining the lungs with lavage fluid. This procedure has been regarded as the current standard of care to treat pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. However, the WLL protocol has not yet been standardized and the technique has been refined and modified a number of times. A rapid infusion system is a device used to infuse blood or other fluids at precise rates and normothermic conditions. This device is not typically used in WLL, which relies on the passive infusion of fluids using the gravitational force. However, in this study we performed WLL using a rapid infusion system, since we aimed to take advantage of its shorter operation time and greater degree of control over fluid volume and temperature. The patient's symptoms improved without the occurrence of any complications.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.609-612
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• 2004

Even though the Cox-Maze III procedure is the gold standard in the therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) and its outcome is excellent, the complexity of the operation, longer cardiopulmonary bypass time and the risk of bleeding have tended to dissuade cardiac surgeons from its application. The recent data of the pathogenesis of AF and the development of alternative energy sources have facilitated the development of the modified Cox-Maze procedure rapidly. We reported that atrial fibrillation was conversed to sinus rhythm by the epicardial microwave ablation without cardiopulmonary bypass and the normal sinus rhythm was observed during 33 months of follow-up period.