• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.99-118
• /
• 2015

Object-oriented programming languages have been widely selected for developing modern information systems. The use of concepts relating to object-oriented (OO, in short) programming has reduced efforts of reusing pre-existing codes, and the OO concepts have been proved to be a useful in interpreting system requirements. In line with this, we have witnessed that a modern conceptual modeling approach supports features of object-oriented programming. Unified Modeling Language or UML becomes one of de-facto standards for information system designers since the language provides a set of visual diagrams, comprehensive frameworks and flexible expressions. In a modeling process, UML users need to consider relationships between classes. Based on an explicit and clear representation of classes, the conceptual model from UML garners necessarily attributes and methods for guiding software engineers. Especially, identifying an association between a class of part and a class of whole is included in the standard grammar of UML. The representation of part-whole relationship is natural in a real world domain since many physical objects are perceived as part-whole relationship. In addition, even abstract concepts such as roles are easily identified by part-whole perception. It seems that a representation of part-whole in UML is reasonable and useful. However, it should be admitted that the use of UML is limited due to the lack of practical guidelines on how to identify a part-whole relationship and how to classify it into an aggregate- or a composite-association. Research efforts on developing the procedure knowledge is meaningful and timely in that misleading perception to part-whole relationship is hard to be filtered out in an initial conceptual modeling thus resulting in deterioration of system usability. The current method on identifying and classifying part-whole relationships is mainly counting on linguistic expression. This simple approach is rooted in the idea that a phrase of representing has-a constructs a par-whole perception between objects. If the relationship is strong, the association is classified as a composite association of part-whole relationship. In other cases, the relationship is an aggregate association. Admittedly, linguistic expressions contain clues for part-whole relationships; therefore, the approach is reasonable and cost-effective in general. Nevertheless, it does not cover concerns on accuracy and theoretical legitimacy. Research efforts on developing guidelines for part-whole identification and classification has not been accumulated sufficient achievements to solve this issue. The purpose of this study is to provide step-by-step guidelines for identifying and classifying part-whole relationships in the context of UML use. Based on the theoretical work on Meta-model Formalization, self-check forms that help conceptual modelers work on part-whole classes are developed. To evaluate the performance of suggested idea, an experiment approach was adopted. The findings show that UML users obtain better results with the guidelines based on Meta-model Formalization compared to a natural language classification scheme conventionally recommended by UML theorists. This study contributed to the stream of research effort about part-whole relationships by extending applicability of Meta-model Formalization. Compared to traditional approaches that target to establish criterion for evaluating a result of conceptual modeling, this study expands the scope to a process of modeling. Traditional theories on evaluation of part-whole relationship in the context of conceptual modeling aim to rule out incomplete or wrong representations. It is posed that qualification is still important; but, the lack of consideration on providing a practical alternative may reduce appropriateness of posterior inspection for modelers who want to reduce errors or misperceptions about part-whole identification and classification. The findings of this study can be further developed by introducing more comprehensive variables and real-world settings. In addition, it is highly recommended to replicate and extend the suggested idea of utilizing Meta-model formalization by creating different alternative forms of guidelines including plugins for integrated development environments.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.1050-1055
• /
• 2011

This paper presents a novel diagnostic method to determine Sasang Consitution (SC) by elasticity coefficient of hand dorsal skin of elderly people. For this purpose, we carried out a clinical test, in which Our SC diagnostic tool and one Oriental medical doctor with SC medicine expertise participated to categorize 458 healthy subjects into four constitutions. After excluding heavy-noise, we extracted 295 subjects' elasticity coefficient feature data and statistically analyzed their SC relevance with ANOVA test. It resulted in that, Taeum-in has high elasticity coefficient compared to Soeum-in in a significance level of 0.05. There are no differences of elasticity coefficient in genders. This result is supported by the theory of Longevity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine(Donguisusebowon, 동의수세보원) which suggested that Taeum-in's flesh is solid and Soeum-in's one is tender. This is the first work which reports the relatedness of skin elasticity coefficient and SC by an objective clinical test.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.2-10
• /
• 2013

A common failure in endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary first molars is likely to be caused by an inability to locate, clean, and obturate the second mesiobuccal (MB) canals. Because of the importance of knowledge on these additional canals, there have been numerous studies which investigated the maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology using in vivo and laboratory methods. In this article, the protocols, advantages and disadvantages of various methodologies for in-depth study of maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology were discussed. Furthermore, newly identified configuration types for the establishment of new classification system were suggested based on two image reformatting techniques of micro-computed tomography, which can be useful as a further 'Gold Standard' method for in-depth morphological study of complex root canal systems.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.289-298
• /
• 2013

The purposes of this article are understanding the meaning of yin deficiency interpreted with a perspective of Traditional Korean Medicine and a modern perspective a study and assigning modern diseases to yin deficiency pattern types. Clinical papers were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) from 1995 to 2013. Results are as follows. First, yin deficiency written in the "Neijing" has been understood in many ways. It is translated such as deficiency of yin qi, inner qi, essence, cubit pulse, yin meridians qi, viscera yin and kidney. Second, yin deficiency pattern are related with disorders of the endocrine system, immunity, energy metabolism, blood circulation, cytokine, microelements, lipid metabolism and capability of getting rid of oxygen free radicals. Third, from pattern types, diverse diseases classified in types involving the heat from yin deficiency, which reflects pathologic conditions of deficiency heat which is distinct characteristics of yin deficiency pattern. Various diseases classified in types related with liver or kidney are reported, which reflects two viscera are more related with yin deficiency than other viscera. Fourth, levels of pattern types surveyed are more specific than Korean Standard Classification of Diseases(KCD) and specific enough to be applied clinically. This article surveyed the categories of modern diseases yin deficiency pattern types is assigned to but the detailed relation between them will be necessary to be studied in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2001

The regulation of Material safety data sheets(MSDS) was required for the chemicals in use in the workplace from July 1976. Under the provisions of the workplace hazardous materials information system, employers in Korea must be provided with accurate and comprehensive MSDS. To examine the reliability of MSDS for organic solvents, 63 organic solvents and MSDS were collected from the workplace of 39 companies located in Kyonggi province. Manufacture\`s MSDS were compared with the actual composition of the collected samples, and further examined the reliability by checking whether the chemicals analyzed were included in the MSDS correctly. 38 solvents were able to analyze their composition by gas chromatography-mass selective detector(GC-MSD). Among them, 28 solvents were incorrect in their composition and contents. In some case, health hazardous or carcinogenic chemicals which were not included in the MSDS were detected from samples. As a result of evaluating whether the MSDS correspond to the regulation required by Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA), the information in the MSDS including hazard classification, occupational exposure level, toxicity, regulatory information were incorrectly provided, and some MSDS did not disclose carcinogenic in their MSDS, and some MSDS were not written in the standard format. From this survey, continuous monitoring and promoting correct MSDS, and analyzing the components of the solvents were required to endure the reliability of MSDS for organic solvents.

• Plant Journal
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.64-70
• /
• 2010

From 2000, the world plant market, especially plant developing business related to oil and gas, has been increasing. Domestic construction companies advance to overseas plant construction market actively, and proportioning to this, an importance of utility construction is increasing. However, the project becomes large and high-tech, and many companies experience difficulty of project management due to relatively high risk of overseas construction. In this study, we built the standard process with which domestic company can evaluate the risk of overseas plant utility construction. Primary factors for risk evaluation is derived, classification system is made out, primary factor is analyzed, and counter plan is suggested. And thorough management of risk is performed by risk management organization that manages the risks, risk control methods, reports and monitors through risk sheet and risk action log from the start of project to the end.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.243-253
• /
• 2009

This research expands investigations into the biomass resource potential associated with California's food processing industry by surveying industries within a two county region in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. A previous survey conducted in 2005 for the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) quantified residue and waste generation from food processors and food preparation businesses in the Sacramento region. The present survey investigates residue and waste streams from food processors located in Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Sixty food processors were identified to participate in the survey, of which 49 responded (82%) and data were acquired for 38 (63%) (6 facilities closed or moved, 8 decided not to participate). Within the two counties, total annual waste among survey respondents amounted to 24,044 dry tons of high moisture (${\geq}$60%) food residuals, 5,358 dry tons of low moisture (<60%) food residuals; and 23.7 million $m^3$ of wastewater containing 38,814 tons of biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$). The total potential electric power generation from these food residues was estimated at approximately $7\;MW_e$. Total solid waste resource included in the survey response was estimated at about 10% of statewide residue generation for processors falling within the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System Major Group 20 (Food and Kindred Products) categories.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.125-141
• /
• 2011

This paper is to focus the financial ratio analysis of the Korean textile and apparel companies due to fast changing domestic industry. Financial ratios are playing a pivotal role in management analysis to assess the present conditions to predict the future. Subjects are belonging to textile and apparel manufacturers based on Firm Classification Standard while registered as securities listed-firms or Kosdaq-listed firms under the Electronic Notification System of Korean Banking Supervisory Authority. 41 companies' data have been analyzed including 17 apparel companies and 24 textile companies. 14 representative financial ratios are analyzed. In this paper, financial ratios can be classified into four categories as follows: stability ratios, profitability ratios, growth ratios and activity ratios. The independent t-test was performed using SPSS 18 for a 10 year simple arithmetic average. The following conclusion has reached regarding aspects of management conditions and performances. When compared the ratios indicating stability, textile and apparel companies did not show much difference in debt ratio and the ratio of earning to interests. However, when compared the profitability ratios measuring the ability to produce incomes, apparel companies showed higher ratios than textile companies. Thus it is important to recognize financial characteristics of each industry.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.631-642
• /
• 2016

This study analyzed of the themes (wounding and healing); concerning the Sandplay therapy process applied to children with emotional instability and attention deficit problems. The subjects of the study were 30 elementary school children who agreed to a personal-interview with the author. They all were families of receiving basic livelihood welfare living in the same county. After the preliminary analysis, the main study data collected from subjects was analyzed by variance (t-test), frequency analysis, and correlation analysis using the standard table modified in accordance with Mitchell's classification system. Particular attention was made in the analyses of the characteristics of the subjects as members of low-income families. As the Sandplay therapy proceeded, it became evident that the wounding area showed a low frequency while the healing area featured a high frequency, and confirmed (as in previous studies) that the Sandplay therapy would be effective for children with emotional instability as well as for those with attention deficit problems. The analysis of difference between the types of children with both problems revealed that Sandplay therapy was more effective for children with emotional instability than for those with attention deficit problems. The analysis also revealed that Sandplay therapy was more effective for girls than for boys.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
• /
• v.3 no.2 s.6
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 1995

Geospatial analysis method was applied for classification of suitable site for farmstead. Typical urban suburb and rural area was selected and analyzed, that is Cheongwon County in Chungbuk Province, South Korea. In this study, suitable site for the farmstead was classified by five grade in the other site except suitable area for paddy field, upland, settlement and Green Belt, regulated area for development around the city. Digital Elevation Model(DEM), detailed soil map, administration boundary map, stream map and Green Belt map where digitized and scoring tables were composed with scoring standard. In site verification, Geospatial Information System(GSIS) was quite good tools for suitable site classifying for farmstead causing farm household income increasing, environmental impact decreasing and scientific site selection.