• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.647-655
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• 2008

The purpose of the study is to find the problems related to the current state of the stand age classes and the method of calculating it defined in the existing forest type map and propose the more accurate method of calculating the stand age classes. The object for the study was selected as the forest scattered around the Geesan village Paju city in Kyunggi province. For the accurate method of calculating the stand age classes, such items as, the type of actual vegetation, establishment of grid-type standard area scaled down at the level of the 5% of the actual area, the types, number, DBH and age of tree found by the plots, were investigated. It was found out actual vegetation was divided into the total 24 types and the 20 types of them belonged to the growing tree areas. As the plots, the 125 places(unit area: $400m^2$) were established the types of the trees found were distributed in the range where the minimum was 1 type, the maximum was 9, the mean was $4.4{\pm}1.5$, and the mode was 4 types. The number of the trees found was distributed in the range where the minimum was 17, the maximum was 125, the mean was $4.4{\pm}1.5$, and the mode was 70. In the DBH, the minimum was 6 cm, the maximum was 30 cm, the mean was 13 cm and the mode was 10 cm. As the result of measuring the age of the 5 trees corresponding to the value of the mode in DBH, selected among the dominant species by the plots, less than 20 years was 17 places, the 115 places were included in the range from 21 to 30 years, and more than 31 years was the 6 places.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.321-329
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• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2007

This study was undertaken to compare the biomass of Abies koreana growing at two sites. A $10{\times}10m$ plot was established in each site of a natural stand in Mt. Jiri and a plantation in Gyeongsan nursery. Five trees of A. koreana were randomly selected in each site. The following traits were investigated from each tree : height, basal diameter, age, weight of stem, branches, and needles as above-ground traits and weight of total roots, horizontal roots, and vertical roots as below-ground traits. In Gyeongsan nursery, age of sample trees was negatively correlated with both height and weight of total stem, while height was highly correlated with weight of horizontal roots. There was high correlation between the basal diameter and weight of total stem, and between the basal diameter and weight of roots. In Mt. Jiri stand, most of the above-ground traits except age were significantly correlated with the below-ground traits. The linear regression equation between the cross section area of base (X) and the weight of total stem (Y) in Gyeongsan nursery was Y=12.66X-12.92, and correlation was significant ($R^2=0.89$). The linear regression equation between the cross section area of base(X) and the weight of total branches (Y) in Mt. Jiri stand was Y=25.51X+6.00, and correlation was highly significant ($R^2=1.0$).

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-76
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• 2013

Based on an analysis of the Japanese animation director Kamiyama Kenji's Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex series, this paper discusses two important subjects in modern technoscience-cyborg and old age. In fact, age has been an important social and political category in the modern world, along with gender, race, and class. However, age has not been a significant research topic for STS scholars. Even though many of these investigators have extensively explored the complex relationship between gender and technoscience, especially after the publication of Donna Haraway's "Cyborg Manifesto" (1991), few of them have been interested in how age is reconfigured by modern science and technology. If women, as Haraway has claimed, can have a different political and cultural outlook by becoming cyborgs, then, can we expect a similar socio-cultural transformation with regard to the interaction between cyborg and old age? Do the elderly experience lesser age discrimination through the growth of biomedicine and technoscience? Indeed, it is believed that seniors are increasingly becoming cyborgs with advancing age, since their declining bodily functions are consistently replaced and assisted by various biomedical technologies. Does this enable them to overcome ageism and age discrimination as well as their alleged physiological and mental limitations? As an answer to this question, Mike Featherstone has asserted that becoming a cyborg in old age could make the wrinkled skin a mere mask and create diverse new possibilities that were hitherto unavailable to an aging person. Based on my reading of Ghost in the Shell, however, I analyze a more complex set of problems when the senile cyborg is created through the encounter between the elderly and technoscience. I argue that while the senile cyborg could challenge traditional family ideology and nationalism it would leave ageism intact and define a new individualistic life form through a body controlled within the globalized internet and capitalist economy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 1998

The aboveground biomass and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., aged 9, 22, 34, 46, 66 years, were measured in the Experiment Forest of Kangwon National University of Kangwondo province. The site index of the stands ranged from 13.5 to 14.2. Allometric equations (logY=alogX+b, where Y, X is ovendry mass and DBH, respectively) relating dry weights of stem, branches and needles to diameter at breast height (DBH) were developed to estimate aboveground tree biomass. Total above ground tree biomass increased with stand age from $21.8t\;ha^{-1}$ in the 9-year-old stand to $130t\;ha^{-1}$ in the 66-Year-old stand. Aboveground biomass was allocated as follows : stem> branch > foliage, except for the 9-year-old stand which had a greater proportion of foliage biomass than branch biomass. As stand age increased, an increasing proportion of annual biomass increment was allocated to stems. The aboveground biomass of shrubs and herbs ranged from 0.4 to $3.9t\;ha^{-1}$ and from 0.05 to $0.6t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. No relationship was found between aboveground understory biomass and stand age. The mass of woody debris and forest floor varied between 0.59 to $1.54t\;ha^{-1}$ and 6.0 to $21.63t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Nutrient accumulation in aboveground tree biomass increased with stand age and was in the order of N > Ca > K > P > Mg. Average rates of nutrients accumulation in biomass were greatest in the early stages of stand development, and less marked as stand aged. The nutrient concentrations in different tree components decreased in the order of needle > branch > stem. There were no detectable trends in nutrient content of the forest floor and mineral soils with stand age. Understory vegetation contributed little to the nutrient pool of these Korean pine ecosystems. Mineral soil contained the Breast proportion of nutrient capital of the various ecosystem compartments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2006

Biomass expansion factors and stem density values were commonly used in converting stand volumes into total carbon stocks for the purpose of national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of stand age classes on aboveground and total biomass expansion factors, and stem density values in Chamaecyparis obtusa species. A total of 25 representative sample trees based on the three different stand age classes were destructively sampled to measure green weights and dry weights of the major four(root, stem, branch and foliage) portions of C. obtusa species grown in Jangseung-gun of southern Korea. According to the results of this study, as stand age classes increase, total biomass expansion factors tended to be decreased with the ranges from 3.64 to 1.44, while the stem density values tended to be slightly increased with the ranges from $0.35(g/cm^3)$ to $0.44(g/cm^3)$. There were statistically significant differences in biomass expansion factors and stem density values between stand age classes, but became nearly constant after 30 years old for C. obtusa species. This information could be very useful to improve a national-scaled inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration for the C. obtusa species by applying different biomass expansion factors and stem density values.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.45-53
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the biomass and net primary production, stem density and biomass expansion factors of Pinus densiflora in Gochang regions. The mean age of Pinus densiflora in both stands was 10 and 48 years. The dry weights (kg/tree) and aboveground biomass (Mg/ha) were 8.59 and 17.55 for 10 years young stand, 166.66 and 122.05 for 48 years old stand. The total biomass (Mg/ha) including the above and belowground were 21.48 and 154.16 in both age stands. The proportion of stem biomass, stem bark biomass and root biomass increased from the young stand to the old stand while on the leaf biomass and branch biomass, tend to decreased. The net primary production of aboveground biomass (Mg/ha) and belowground biomass were 6.30~6.95 for the young stand and 11.61~13.19 for old stand. The stem density ($g/cm^3$) was 0.338 for young stand while on the other hand, 0.448 for old stand was observed. The above and total biomass expansion factors were 2.304~2.508 and 1.318~1.644 in each age stands, respectively.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to figure out the stand structure and growth characteristic with relation to DBH, height, and volume in sixteen Pinus koraiensis plantations of Gangwon province region. Age class was diversely distributed from age class II (16 yr) to age class VIII (77 yr), and, in terms of site index, sixteen regions were superior: nine regions 'high', seven regions 'middle'. The distribution of DBH by sites appeared a bell-shaped curve, and the number of trees was the most in diameter section of 18-22 cm. The dispersion of DBH was various with age and widest ranging from 18 cm to 58 cm in age class VII-VIII. The distribution of height was also a bell-shaped curve with the smaller deviation than the distribution of DBH, and most of trees were in height section of 14-18 m. The correlation of DBH and height was high (r=0.75), and the volume bigger than 1.0 $m^3$ was presented from DBH 35 cm, height 20 m.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze annual diameter growth characteristics for major 11 tree species using the data for Gangwon province of the National Forest Resources Inventory in 2007. The annual diameter growth of coniferous species was 5.02 mm, 4.70 mm, and 3.90 mm in Korean white pine, Japanese larch, and Korean red pine, respectively. In growths of the deciduous trees, dogwood, basswood, and cork oak had 3.55 mm, 3.48 mm and 3.01 mm, respectively. Average of the annual diameter growths for all species was 3.38 mm. The relationship between diameter growth and age class showed that the growth rate decreased for all species as age increased. The age class II had the highest annual diameter rate. In relation of the stand density(trees per hectare) and diameter growth, the diameter growth tended to decrease as the stand density increased for most species, especially Korean white pine, cork oak, and basswood. Finally age had the highest value in the correlation coefficients between measurement factor and growth rate regardless of species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.472-480
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• 2018

This study was conducted to estimate carbon storage in Quercus mongolica stands based on stand age class, and to provide basic data on the carbon balance of broad-leaved forests of Korea. The research was conducted at the experimental forest of Kangwon National University, Hongcheon-gun County, Gangwon-do Province, Korea. Three plots were set up in each of three Q. mongolica forest stands (III, V, and VII) to estimate the amount of carbon stored in Q. mongolica aboveground vegetation, coarse woody debris (CWD), organic layer, mineral soil, and litterfall. The carbon storage of the aboveground vegetation increased with an increase in stand age, while the carbon storage ratio of stems decreased. The carbon storage of the organic layer, CWD, and litterfall did not show any significant differences among age classes. In addition, the carbon concentration and storage in the forest soils decreased with depth, and there were no differences among age classes for any soil horizon. Finally, the total carbon storage in the III, V, and VII stands of Q. mongolica were 132.2, 241.1, and $374.4Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. In order to predict and effectively manage forest carbon dynamics in Korea, further study on deciduous forests with other tree species in different regions will be needed.